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Metroid Prime 2: Echoes

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Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
A person in a big, futuristic-looking powered suit with a helmet and large, bulky, and rounded shoulders holds the firearm on the right arm. A large crosshair-like symbol stands over her cannon, and other icons from the gameplay are seen on the right side of the image. Behind the person, a bird-like creature on a white background and a creature with a big red eye on a black one. In the bottom of the image, the title "Metroid Prime" in front of an insignia with a metallic ball with a black core.
North American, Australian and European box art
Developer(s)Retro Studios
Nintendo
Publisher(s)Nintendo
Director(s)Mark Pacini
Producer(s)Kenji Miki
Kensuke Tanabe
Bryan Walker
Jeff Miller
Composer(s)Kenji Yamamoto
SeriesMetroid
Platform(s)Nintendo GameCube, Wii
ReleaseNintendo GameCube
Wii
Genre(s)First-person action-adventure
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer

Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, known as Metroid Prime 2: Dark Echoes (メトロイドプライム2: ダークエコーズ, Metoroido Puraimu Tsū: Dāku Ekōzu) in Japan, is a first-person, action-adventure video game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the GameCube video game console. It is the seventh published game in the Metroid series, a direct sequel to Metroid Prime, and the first game in the series with a multiplayer feature. Echoes was released in North America, Europe, and Australia in 2004, and in Japan the following year.

Chronologically, Metroid Prime 2: Echoes takes place fourth in the Metroid fictional universe. The story follows bounty hunter Samus Aran after she is sent to rescue Galactic Federation Marines from a ship near Aether, a planet inhabited by a race known as the Luminoth. There, she discovers that the troops were slaughtered by the Ing, an evil race that came from an alternate dimension of Aether. Samus must travel to three temples to ensure the destruction of the Ing, while battling Space Pirates and her mysterious doppelgänger called Dark Samus.

Retro decided to make the game different from its predecessor by adding more focus on storyline and including new gameplay elements. Nintendo launched a viral marketing campaign to promote the game that included several websites written as if taking place in the Metroid universe. Echoes' single player mode and graphics were praised by critics, while its steep difficulty level and multiplayer components were met less positively. Since its release, Echoes has received several video game industry awards, as well as spots on "top games" lists by Nintendo Power and IGN. Over 800,000 copies of the game were sold worldwide. In 2009, an enhanced version was released for Wii as a standalone game in Japan and as part of Metroid Prime: Trilogy internationally.

Gameplay

View of a futuristic looking room; mantis-like enemies on powered armor - one firing a red beam - approach the player, whose weapon (a large cannon) is visible in the corner of the screen. Something resembling a black hole is seen on the right side of the enemies, while a gray and red metallic crate is to their left. The image is a simulation of the heads-up display of a combat suit's helmet, with a crosshair surrounding the enemy and two-dimensional icons relaying game information around the edge of the frame.
Samus' head-up display shows a radar, map and remaining missile ammunition.
See also: Gameplay of the Metroid series

Metroid Prime 2: Echoes is a first-person action-adventure game that takes place in an open-ended world with interconnected regions. Gameplay revolves around solving puzzles to uncover secrets, platform jumping, and shooting enemies. Echoes features two parallel dimensions, Light Aether and Dark Aether, where changes in either dimension often reflect changes in the other. Although the maps in both dimensions have the same general layout, rooms often vary in their designs, creatures, and objects. Progress through the game requires both dimensions to be explored, using power-ups that Samus acquires over time. Equipment players collect include the Screw Attack, which allows Samus to somersault in midair and off of certain surfaces, and new beam weapons that have limited ammunition.[1][2]

Dark Aether's atmosphere is caustic and damages Samus' Power Suit, requiring the player to move between designated "safe zones" that allow Samus' health to be regained slowly. Safe zones are either permanent, or need to be activated by firing certain beam weapons at force field generators. Power Suit upgrades can reduce or nullify damage caused by the atmosphere.[1]

The game's head-up display simulates the inside of Samus' helmet and features a radar, map, missile ammunition meter, health meter, and statistics on bosses. Several visors are available, and each performs a different function. One, also seen in the previous game, is a scanner that searches for enemy weaknesses, interfaces with mechanisms such as force fields and elevators and retrieves text entries from certain sources. The others reveal and highlight interdimensional objects or cloaked enemies, and create a visual representation of sound.[1]

Echoes also features a multiplayer mode that allows up to four players to engage in combat using a split screen. It has six arenas and two modes: Deathmatch, in which players attempt to kill their opponents as many times as possible within a set amount of time; and Bounty, which focuses on collecting coins that injured characters drop. Multiplayer in Echoes features the same control scheme as the single-player mode, including the lock-on system for circle strafing while targeting.[1]

Synopsis

Setting

Echoes takes place on a rogue planet, Aether, inhabited by a race known as the Luminoth. The Luminoth live peacefully, protecting the planet's pure natural energy, which they call the "Light of Aether." Five decades before the game's events, a Phazon meteor[note 1] collides into the planet and leaves a scar causing environmental damage and splitting the planetary energy. The split creates an alternate dimension, Dark Aether, a mirror version of Aether that is dark, arid, and has a poisonous atmosphere. Dark Aether becomes home to the Ing, cruel shapeshifting creatures who intend to destroy the Luminoth, and are able to possess bodies of the living, the dead, and the artificially intelligent. Eventually, the Ing and the Luminoth engage in a war over the planet's energy—whichever race controls it is capable of destroying the other.[3]

Around this time, Space Pirates set up a base on Aether after detecting the mutagenic substance Phazon on the planet. A Galactic Federation Marine Corps patrol ship encounters one of the Pirates' supply ships leaving the planet and an altercation follows. Both ships suffer heavy damage, and after the Federation loses contact with the Marines, it calls the bounty hunter Samus Aran to investigate.[3]

Plot

Metroid
Story chronology
Main series in bold, remakes in parentheses
[4][5]

While looking for the Marines near Aether, Samus' ship is damaged by severe lightning storms from the planet. Said storms have caused electromagnetic interference that prevented the Marines from communicating with the Federation. Samus finds the troops dead and surrounded by hive creatures called Splinters. Deceased Marines suddenly rise and attack her, apparently possessed, and she fights them off. Samus then encounters her evil doppelgänger, Dark Samus, for the first time, and Dark Samus jumps through a portal. Samus decides to follow her through it and into Dark Aether, where Samus is attacked by a group of dark creatures called Ing, who steal the weapons from Samus' suit before pushing her back through the portal. Upon returning to Aether, Samus learns that the Marines were attacked by Ing-possessed Splinters, and decides to enter a nearby alien temple structure to look for clues. When she reaches the structure, she meets U-Mos, the last remaining sentinel of the Luminoth, an alien race that have fought against the Ing. He tells Samus that after a meteor struck Aether, a strange energy emanating from it created another image of Aether called Dark Aether, which hosted a deadly and aggressive species called Ing. He also tells Samus that the Ing have taken the Light of Aether, an energy source for Aether that keeps the planet alive, and begs her to retrieve it.[3]

Samus goes to three regions—the Agon Wastes, a parched, rocky, desert wasteland region; Torvus Bog, a drenched swamp area that houses a partially submerged hydrosubstation; and the Sanctuary Fortress, a highly advanced cliffside fortress built by the Luminoth filled with haywire robots that serves as the Ing hive in Dark Aether—to retrieve the Light of Aether and return it to the Luminoth temples. Samus fights Space Pirates, Dark Samus, and monstrous Ing guardians on her mission.[3]

After Samus has retrieved three pieces of the Light of Aether, she enters the Ing's Sky Temple and faces the Emperor Ing, the strongest Ing who guards the remaining Light of Aether in the Dark Aether. Samus defeats the creature and retrieves the last remaining energy as Dark Aether collapses; however, her path out of the temple is blocked by a horribly altered and unstable Dark Samus. After defeating her foe, Samus escapes as the world disappears around her. Returning to U-Mos, she finds that the Luminoth were in a frozen state but have now awakened. After a brief celebration Samus leaves Aether in her repaired gunship. If the player has collected 100 percent of the power-ups, a post-credits scene shows Dark Samus reforming herself in deep space.[3]

Development

A building with a sign reading "Retro Studios". Trees and a hedge are seen in front of it.
Retro Studios, based in Austin, Texas, developed Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, as well as Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 3: Corruption.

After the critical and commercial success of Metroid Prime, Nintendo asked Retro Studios to produce a sequel. The developers decided against recycling the features of the first game, and instead used new sound models, weapon effects, and art designs.[6] They also implemented the Screw Attack and wall jumping features seen in previous Metroid games, which were not incorporated in the first Prime due to time constraints.[7] Another element considered for the previous game was the multiplayer component.[8] Since the game was a first-person adventure and its deathmatch mode could not easily replicate other shooters in the market, Retro just tried to "make a multiplayer experience that fans of Metroid games would instantly know and recognise".[7]

The staff opted for a more immersive storyline, with increased use of cut scenes and a plot that focused less on the Space Pirates and Metroids that permeate the rest of the series.[6] Retro decided that the game would follow a theme of light and dark, which originated from "something that everyone understands: the conflict between good and evil".[9] Mike Wikan, the game's senior designer, elaborated on the theme: "We wanted a push and pull, the whole game is pushing and pulling you back and forth between the dark and the light. It ended up being that we wanted something that would feed into that dichotomy, that conflict between the two, and how the player's basic abilities reflect that."[9] The developers asked the producers of The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, another Nintendo game, for advice because the game also used the theme of parallel worlds.[8]

In developing Dark Samus, Retro wanted to create a character that was similar to Samus and be the same size, as opposed to the enormous monsters of Metroid Prime. One of the inspirations for the character was a boss battle in Metroid: Zero Mission, where Samus fights a mirror image of herself. The developers considered Dark Samus a "natural choice" for the game because it fit in well with the "dramatic feel of dark and light".[10]

Retro decided to make the game more challenging than Metroid Prime—which was supposed to familiarize players with the control scheme—and felt that "with the second Prime, we had the ability or the freedom" to do so.[10] They wanted Echoes to be focused towards a hardcore audience by making the player "always worried about his health",[8] so more mini-bosses were added to provide unique boss fights.[10] After the game's release, the developers admitted that it was more difficult to develop than they first imagined, and Michael Kelbaugh, Retro Studios' president, commented: "We wanted to expand and add to the title, and not just slam out a sequel. Nintendo doesn't do things that way."[8] Retro tried to include some extras, such as a hidden version of Super Metroid, but were halted by the short development time.[7] Producer Kensuke Tanabe later revealed that the game was just about thirty percent complete three months before the strict deadline Nintendo had set for a release in the 2004 holiday season.[11]

The music for Metroid Prime 2: Echoes was composed by Kenji Yamamoto. The themes used for areas on Dark Aether are dark variations of the themes used for the same areas on Light Aether. Some remixes of music from the previous Metroid games were also used, with the escape theme being a remix of Metroid's "Escape" theme, the "Hunters" multiplayer theme taking on Super Metroid's "Upper Brinstar" theme, and the theme for the underwater Torvus region, the "Lower Brinstar" theme from the same game.[12]

Release

Versions

Metroid Prime 2: Echoes was originally released for the Nintendo GameCube in North America on November 15, 2004, Europe on November 26, and in Australia on December 2.[13] The PAL release of Echoes have lacked the standard 50 Hz mode, and offered 60 Hz only.[14] In Japan, it was later released on May 26, 2005, titled Metroid Prime 2: Dark Echoes.[15]

Echoes was re-released in Japan in 2009 for Wii as part of the New Play Control! series. It has revamped controls that use the Wii Remote's pointing functionality, similar to those of Metroid Prime 3: Corruption.[16] The credit system from Corruption is also included to unlock the original bonus content, as well as the ability to take snapshots of gameplay.[17] The difficulty of the boss battles in Echoes was also lowered.[18] Metroid Prime, Echoes, and Corruption were bundled together on a single disc as Metroid Prime: Trilogy, released in North America on August 24, 2009.[19] Both Prime and Echoes contain all of the enhancements found in their Japanese New Play Control! counterparts.[20]

Marketing

Nintendo launched several websites to initiate a viral marketing campaign for Echoes,[21] with inspiration drawn from Halo 2's alternate reality game I Love Bees.[22] The websites included Luminoth Temple, an Internet forum; Channel 51, a conspiracy theory website that featured grainy QuickTime videos of Metroid Prime 2 as if it were footage of extraterrestrials;[21] Orbis Labs, which sold a "self-contained armored machine" called "Battle Sphere", similar to the Morph Ball;[21] and Athena Astronautics, which advertised sending women into space, featured a blog,[23] and offered job positions for bounty hunters on Monster.com. Athena Astronautics gave a random selection of 25 people who replied to the offer an "interactive training manual", which was in fact a free copy of Metroid Prime 2: Echoes.[22]

A Metroid-related spoof of "I Love Bees" appeared online in October 2004, to which Nintendo reacted by stating that it was not involved with it. The campaign featured similarly named domain names such as ilovebeams.com, which each had an image of Samus with the caption: "All your bees are belong to us. Never send a man to do a woman's job."[23]

Reception

The critical reception for Metroid Prime 2: Echoes was very positive.[32] When comparing it to its predecessor, Metroid Prime, GameSpot's Brad Shoemaker said that Echoes was as good as its predecessor, and delivered everything he expected.[28] IGN's Matt Casamassina called the gameplay "superb" and "nearly flawless",[30] and Vicious Sid of GamePro praised Echoes as "an extraordinary return to form".[26] Echoes was considered one of the best single-player experiences on the GameCube by Kristan Reed of Eurogamer, who also considered the story to be "intricately designed and elaborately constructed into a coherent environment".[24] GameSpot and IGN praised the campaign as a lengthy and rewarding adventure and appreciated the minimum 20 hours required to complete the game.[28][30] The game was considered suitable for players of any age by Computer and Video Games, which called Echoes essential for anyone who owned a GameCube.[34] The theme's dynamics between dark and light was lauded by GamePro, along with the "simple, quirky, and ridiculously addictive" multiplayer mode.[26]

Echoes's graphics and design received significant praise; GameSpot considered it some of the best on the GameCube,[28] and IGN called it "gorgeous" and "one of the prettiest GameCube titles".[30] The Guardian's Nick Gillett found the game entertaining and stated that its maps, terrain, and bestiary made the game an amazing epic space adventure.[35] Bryn Williams from GameSpy complimented the game's controls and level design, commenting that the game was challenging but fair.[29]

A major criticism of Echoes focused on the game's high difficulty, with Game Informer declaring that "not only are the boss fights unforgiving, the environment is sometimes difficult to follow".[27] Some reviewers found it difficult to search for the Sky Temple keys. GameSpot criticized this mechanism and called it "a scavenger hunt much tougher than the rest of the game",[28] and 1UP.com said that the only purpose it served was to artificially extend the game's length.[36] The game's multiplayer mode was also considered unsatisfying. GameSpy called it a "secondary feature",[29] The Age's Jason Hill called it "bland and dull"[37] and Eurogamer said that the single-player features did not translate well to that mode.[24] Game Informer criticized the multiplayer mode because of its inclusion of the lock-on mechanism, considering it a feature that made multiplayer too simple.[27]

IGN was critical of Echoes' graphics and noted that the textures sometimes blurred when viewed up close, and the frame rate occasionally decreased. Publications including IGN and The Independent considered the gameplay too similar to Metroid Prime,[30][38][39] while GamePro was unhappy that the game did not have a customizable control scheme.[26] Computer and Video Games and The Age were disappointed that Echoes was not as innovative in terms of gameplay as Metroid Prime.[34][37] The Age's review also found the control scheme "unwieldy" and the difficulty "unforgiving".[37] Serge Pennings of The Observer noted there were too few opportunities to save the game while playing,[40] an aspect X-Play also criticized by saying that most of the game's difficulty was "because the save system is poorly implemented and downright cheap".[31]

Echoes sold 470,000 copies in North America in 2004,[41] and more than 40,355 copies in Japan.[42] By August 2009, the game had sold 800,000 copies worldwide.[43] Echoes won an award in almost every category it was nominated for at the 2004 Nintendo Power Awards,[44] and won awards for Best GameCube Game of 2004 from IGN,[45] Electronic Gaming Monthly[46] and GameSpy.[47] It was rated the 174th best game made on a Nintendo system in Nintendo Power's Top 200 Games list,[48] the 74th best game by GameFAQs users,[49] the 15th best GameCube game by IGN,[50] and the 13th best by GameSpy.[51]

Notes

  1. ^ Retro Studios (2007). Metroid Prime 3: Corruption. Nintendo. Galactic Federation Data Anhur Incident: "Planet Aether, home of the Luminoth, was struck by a "Phazon Meteor" five decades ago. The impact had catastrophic effects on the already unstable planet."

References

  1. ^ a b c d Metroid Prime 2: Echoes Instruction Booklet. Nintendo. 2004.
  2. ^ "E3 2004: Metroid Prime 2: Echoes First-Look". IGN. 2004-05-11. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  3. ^ a b c d e Nintendo Power (November 2004). Official Nintendo Metroid Prime 2: Echoes Player's Guide. Nintendo of America. ISBN 978-1-930206-52-6.
  4. ^ Quick, William Antonio (2021-06-23). "Every Metroid Game In Chronological Order". TheGamer. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  5. ^ Parish, Jeremy (2015-08-05). "Page 2 | "I was quite surprised by the backlash": Kensuke Tanabe on Metroid Prime Federation Force". VG247. Retrieved 2023-02-15. First off, [Yoshio] Sakamoto is behind the main series, taking care of all of that, the timeline. I'm in charge of the Prime series. I had the conversation with him to decide where exactly would be a good spot for me to stick the Prime universe into that whole timeline and the best place would be between Metroid II and Super Metroid. As you know, there are multiple titles in the Metroid Prime series, but everything takes place in that very specific point. Metroid Series go down the line, but with the Prime Universe, we have to stretch sideways to expand it as much as we can in that specific spot.
  6. ^ a b "Metroid Prime 2 Echoes Interview". IGN. 2004-10-12. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  7. ^ a b c "Post game report: Retro Studios talk Metroid Prime 2 Echoes". Computer and Video Games. 2004-12-03. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  8. ^ a b c d Kumar, Mathew (2008-11-03). "MIGS 2007: Retro Studios On The Journey Of Metroid Prime". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2007-12-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b Castro, Juan (2004-12-03). "Echoes: Darkness and Light". IGN. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  10. ^ a b c "Metroid Prime 2 EGM Afterthoughts". 1UP.com. 2004-11-30. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
  11. ^ "社長が訊く『メトロイドプライム3 コラプション』" (in Japanese). Nintendo. Retrieved 2012-01-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ "Interview with Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Sound Team at Retro Studios and Composer Kenji Yamamoto". Music4games. Archived from the original on 2009-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-18. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2008-01-11 suggested (help)
  13. ^ "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes Related Games (GameCube)". Gamespot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  14. ^ Marrow, Mark (2004-11-04). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes - 60Hz Only". PALGN. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  15. ^ Gantayat, Anoop (March 4, 2005). "Metroid Prime 2 Dated in Japan". IGN. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
  16. ^ Tanaka, John (2008-10-02). "First Look: Wii de Asobu Pikmin". IGN. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  17. ^ Theobald, Phil (2009-08-24). "The Consensus: Metroid Prime Trilogy Review". GameSpy. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  18. ^ Casamassina, Matt (2009-08-21). "Metroid Prime: Trilogy Review". IGN. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  19. ^ "Metroid Prime Trilogy at Nintendo". Nintendo. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  20. ^ Harris, Craig (2009-05-22). "Metroid Prime Trilogy Hands-on". IGN. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  21. ^ a b c Kohler, Chris (2004-10-21). "Nintendo launches fake Metroid sites". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  22. ^ a b "'Bounty Hunter' Job Posting Generates Surprising Response". GameDaily. 2004-12-17. Archived from the original on 2005-02-25. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  23. ^ a b Bramwell, Tom (2004-10-26). "Nintendo doesn't much care for bees". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  24. ^ a b c Reed, Kristan (2004-12-09). "Metroid Prime review". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  25. ^ "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes articles and reviews". GameStats. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  26. ^ a b c d Sid, Vicious (2004-11-12). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2008-12-27. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  27. ^ a b c McNamara, Andy (January 2005). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes review". Game Informer (141): 126.
  28. ^ a b c d e Shoemaker, Brad (2004-11-12). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  29. ^ a b c Williams, Bryn (2004-11-26). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes review". GameSpy. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  30. ^ a b c d e Casamassina, Matt (2004-11-11). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes review". IGN. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  31. ^ a b "Metroid Prime 2". X-Play. Archived from the original on 2007-06-06. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  32. ^ a b "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes Reviews". Game Rankings. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  33. ^ "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  34. ^ a b Boxer, Steve (2004-12-08). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  35. ^ Gillett, Nick (2004-11-27). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes". The Guardian. p. 30.
  36. ^ Pfister, Andrew (2005-12-01). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes review". 1UP.com. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  37. ^ a b c Hill, Jason (2004-12-09). "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes". The Age. p. 5.
  38. ^ Armstrong, Rebecca (2004-12-18). "Computer Games". The Independent. p. 98.
  39. ^ Herold, Charles (2004-11-25). "Game Theory; A Big Sequel That's Worthy Of Its Lineage". The New York Times. p. G5.
  40. ^ Pennings, Serge (2005-04-10). "It's Prime Time". The Observer. p. 68.
  41. ^ Casamassina, Matt (2005-01-13). "Prime Outperforms Echoes". IGN. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  42. ^ "GID 1760 - Metroid Prime 2: Echoes - GCN - Garaph". Media Create. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
  43. ^ Casamassina, Matt (2009-08-28). "A Space Bounty Hunter in Texas". IGN. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  44. ^ "2004 Nintendo Power Awards". Nintendo Power. 191. May 2005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  45. ^ "IGNcube's Best of 2004 Awards: GameCube Game of the Year". IGN. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  46. ^ "Electronic Gaming Monthly and Computer Gaming World Announce the Best Games of 2004". Ziff Davis Media. 2005-02-08. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  47. ^ "GameCube Game of the Year". GameSpy. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  48. ^ "NP Top 200". Nintendo Power. 200: 58–66. February 2006.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  49. ^ "The 10 Best Games Ever". GameFAQs. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
  50. ^ "The Top 25 GameCube Games of All Time". IGN. 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  51. ^ "#13: Metroid Prime 2: Echoes". GameSpy. 2005-08-11. Retrieved 2008-11-16.

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