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Joseph Estrada

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This article is about the former President of the Philippines. For the French company, see ERAP.
His Excellency
Joseph Estrada
13th President of the Philippines
In office
June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001
Vice PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Preceded byFidel V. Ramos
Succeeded byGloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Mayor of Manila
Incumbent
Assumed office
June 30, 2013
Preceded byAlfredo Lim
11th Vice President of the Philippines
In office
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
PresidentFidel V. Ramos
Preceded bySalvador Laurel
Succeeded byGloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission
In office
1992–1997
PresidentFidel V. Ramos
Senator of the Philippines
In office
June 30, 1987 – June 30, 1992
Mayor of San Juan, Metro Manila
In office
December 30, 1969 – March 26, 1986
Preceded byBraulio Sto. Domingo
Succeeded byReynaldo San Pascual
Personal details
Born
Jose Marcelo Ejercito

(1937-04-19) April 19, 1937 (age 87)
Tondo, Manila, Philippines
Political partyPMP (1991–present)
Other political
affiliations		Nacionalista (1969–1987)
Liberal Party (1987–1991)
UNA (2012-present)
SpouseLuisa Pimentel
ChildrenJinggoy Estrada
Jackie Ejercito Estrada
JV Ejercito
Alma materMapúa Institute of Technology (Dropped out)
ProfessionActor
Businessperson
Politician
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website

Joseph "Erap" Ejercito Estrada (born Jose Marcelo Ejercito; April 19, 1937) is a Filipino politician who served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 until 2001. Estrada was the first person in the Post-EDSA era to be elected both to the presidency and vice-presidency. He is the Mayor of Manila, the country's capital, after emerging as the victor in the 2013 mid-term elections.[1]

Estrada gained popularity as a film actor, playing the lead role in over 100 films in an acting career spanning 33 years. He used his popularity as an actor to make gains in politics, serving as mayor of San Juan for sixteen years, as Senator for one term, then as Vice President of the Philippines under the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos.

Estrada was elected President in 1998 with a wide margin of votes separating him from the other challengers, and was sworn into the presidency on June 30, 1998. In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and captured its headquarters and other camps.[2][3] However, allegations of corruption spawned an impeachment trial in the Senate, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted by "People Power 2" after the prosecution walked out of the impeachment court when the Senator Judges voted no in the opening of the second envelope. The EDSA 2 protests resulted from the concerted efforts of political, business, military, and church elites who were displeased by Estrada's policies that included removal of sovereign guarantees on government contracts.[4] In October 2000, the Daily Tribune reported about elite plans to "'constitutionally' oust President Estrada under 'Oplan Excelsis."[5] Emil Jurado of the Manila Standard reported as early as 1999 about a PR demolition work designed to embarrass Estrada "by attributing to his administration all sorts of perceived faults and scams with the end in view of covering up anomalies and scams also committed during the Ramos administration." Former First Gentleman Mike Arroyo also admitted in an interview with Nick Joaquin that he and then-Ilocos Sur Gov. Chavit Singson and certain military officials plotted plans to oust Estrada in January 2001, with the alternative plan B being violent "with orders to shoot. And not only in Metro Manila."[6]

In 2007, he was sentenced by the special division of the Sandiganbayan to reclusion perpetua for plunder, but was later granted pardon by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. He ran for president again in the 2010 presidential election, but placed second behind Senator Benigno Aquino III.

Early life and career

Joseph Ejercito Estrada was born on April 19, 1937 in Tondo, an urban district of Manila. His family later moved to the wealthy suburb of San Juan.[7] He belonged to an upper-middle-class family, and was the eighth of ten children of Emilio Ejercito and his wife Maria Marcelo.[8] He was kicked out during his primary studies at the Ateneo de Manila University and subsequently enrolled in an engineering course at the Mapua Institute of Technology in an effort to please his father, but dropped out.

In his twenties, he began a career as a drama actor. He adopted the stage name "Joseph Estrada", as his mother objected to his chosen career and his decision to quit schooling.[8] He also acquired the nickname "Erap" (a play on the Tagalog slang "pare", meaning buddy) from his friend Fernando Poe, Jr..

Personal life

Estrada is the first President to have previously worked in the entertainment industry, and for being the first to sport any sort of facial hair during his term, specifically his mustaches.

Family

Estrada is married to the former First Lady-turned-senator Dr Luísa Pimentel and has three children with her:

  • José "Jinggoy" Ejercito, Jr, Mayor of San Juan (1992–2001); Senator (2004–present) (married to Precy Vitug)
  • Jackie Ejercito (married to Beaver Lopez, son of Meralco chairman Manuel Lopez)
  • Jude Ejercito (married to Rowena Ocampo)

Joseph Estrada met his wife Loi while working as an orderly at the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) in Mandaluyong City.

He also has five more children from several extramarital relationships:

Other relatives

Several of Ejercito's relatives became prominent figures in politics and showbiz.

Film

Main article: Joseph Estrada filmography

He played the lead role in more than 100 movies, and produced more than 70 films. He was the first FAMAS Hall of Fame recipient for Best Actor (1981) and also became a Hall of Fame award-winner as a producer (1983). He often played heroes of the downtrodden classes, making him popular among the nation's many unschooled and impoverished citizens. This proved advantageous to his political career.

In 1974 he founded the Movie Workers Welfare Foundation (Mowelfund), which helps filmmakers through medical reimbursements, hospitalization, surgery and death benefits, livelihood, and alternative income opportunities and housing. Its educational arm, the Mowelfund Film Institute, has produced some of the most skilled and respected producers, filmmakers, writers and performers in both the independent and mainstream sectors of the industry since its inception in 1979.[9][failed verification] He also founded, together with Guillermo de Vega, the first Metro Manila Film Festival in 1975.[citation needed]

Early political career

Mayor of San Juan

Estrada entered politics in 1967 when he ran for mayor of San Juan, then a municipality of Metro Manila, and succeeded in only 1969 after winning an electoral protest against Braulio Sto. Domingo. His administration was marked by unequaled accomplishments in infrastructure development. These included the establishment of the first Municipal High School, the Agora complex, a modern slaughterhouse, a sprawling government center with a post office, a mini-park and the concreting of 98 percent of the town's roads and alleys.

As mayor, he paid particular attention to the elementary education of children by improving and renovating school buildings and constructing additional school structures, health centers, barangay halls and playgrounds in all the barangays and providing artesian wells to areas with low water supply. He relocated some 1,800 squatter families out of San Juan to Taytay, Rizal, at no cost. He was also the first mayor to computerize assessment of the Real Estate Tax in the Municipal Assessor’s Office.[10] When Corazon Aquino assumed the presidency in 1986, all elected officials of the local government were forcibly removed and replaced by appointed officers-in-charge, including Estrada[citation needed].

Senator of the Philippines

The following year, he won a seat in the Senate under the Grand Alliance for Democracy (GAD) placing 16th in the elections (out of 24 winners). In 1987, he set his sights on a Senate run and handily garnered a seat. He was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Public Works. He was Vice-Chairman of the Committees on Health, Natural Resources and Ecology and Urban Planning.

In the Senate, Estrada was credited with the passage of, among other major pieces of legislation, the bills on irrigation project and the protection and propagation of carabaos, the beast of burden in the rural areas.

As a senator, he was one of the so-called “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the RP-US Military Bases Agreement leading to the withdrawal of American servicemen from the Clark Air Base in Pampanga and the Subic Naval Base in Zambales.

In 1989, the Free Press cited him as one of the Three Outstanding Senators of the Year. He was conferred the degree of Doctor of Humanities, Honoris Causa by the Bicol University in April 1997, and the University of Pangasinan in 1990.

Vice-Presidency

See also: Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos

In 1992, Joseph Estrada initially ran for president with Vicente Rivera, Jr. as his running mate but he withdrew his bid and instead ran for vice-president as the running mate of Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. under the Nationalist People's Coalition. Though Cojuangco lost to former National Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos, Estrada won the vice-presidency garnering more votes than his closest opponent, Ramon Mitra, Jr.'s running mate, Marcelo Fernan.

As Vice-President, Estrada he was the chairman of President Ramos' Presidential Anti-Crime Commission (PACC). Estrada arrested criminal warlords and kidnapping syndicates.[11] He resigned as chairman in 1997.

In the same year Estrada, together with former President Corazon Aquino, Cardinal Jaime Sin, Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and other political leaders, led an anti-charter change rally brought in an estimated half a million people to Rizal Park against the charter change moves by Ramos and his supporters.[12]

Presidency

Main article: Presidency of Joseph Estrada
File:ImagePhp bill 2000 front.jpg
The inauguration of President Estrada on June 30, 1998, featured in the Philippine piso centennial commemorative legal tender banknote.
Presidential styles of
Joseph Ejercito-Estrada
Reference styleHis Excellency
Spoken styleYour Excellency
Alternative styleMr. President

Estrada was inaugurated on June 30, 1998 in the historical town of Malolos in Bulacan province in paying tribute to the cradle of the First Philippine Republic. That afternoon the new president delivered his inaugural address at the Quirino Grandstand in Luneta. He assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis and with agricultural problems due to poor weather conditions, thereby slowing the economic growth to −0.6% in 1998 from a 5.2% in 1997.[13] The economy recovered by 3.4% in 1999 and 4% in 2000.[14] In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and captured its headquarters and other camps.[2][3] However, allegations of corruption spawned a railroaded impeachment trial in the Senate courtesy of house speaker Manuel Villar, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted from a coup after the trial was aborted.

In his Inaugural Address, Estrada said:

One hundred years after Kawit, fifty years after independence, twelve years after EDSA, and seven years after the rejection of foreign bases, it is now the turn of the masses to experience liberation. We stand in the shadow of those who fought to make us free – free from foreign domination, free from domestic tyranny, free from superpower dictation, free from economic backwardness.[15]

Cabinet (1998-2001) [16]

Domestic policies

Main article: Domestic_Policies of Joseph Estrada

Foreign policies

Main article: Presidency_of_Joseph_Estrada § Foreign_Policies

Economy

President Joseph Estradn, supposedly causing it to lose the confidence of foreign investors. [citation needed] However, such negative treatment/reports are apparently part of the anti-Estrada demolition PR campaign reported by Manila Standard' s Emil Jurado and Daily Tribune's Nd wet weather.

By the end of Estrada's administration, debt supposedly reached P 2.1 trillion in 1999. Domestic debt supposedly amounted to P 986.7 billion while foreign debt stood at US$ 52.2 billion. The fiscal deficit had reportedly doubled to more than P 100 billion from a low of P 49 billion in 1998.[17] Despite such setbacks, the GDP by 1999 posted a 3.2 percent growth rate, up from a low of −0.5 percent in 1998. Moreover, domestic investments started to increase from 18.8% of GDP in 1999 to 21.2% of GDP in 2000.[18]

War against the MILF

During the Ramos administration a cessation of hostilities agreement was signed between the Philippine Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in July 1997. This was continued by a series of peace talks and negotiations in Estrada administration.[3] The MILF, an Islamic group formed in 1977, seeks to be an independent Islamic State from the Philippines, and, despite the agreements, a sequence of terrorist attacks on the Philippine military and civilians still continued.[3] It was later divulged in a Senate Hearing by then Lt. (now Senator) Antonio Trillanes that the Military was behind these terrorist attacks to justify the "all-out-war" policy of the government which was masterminded by Chief of Staff Angelo Reyes[citation needed], and which included the kidnapping a foreign priest, namely Father Luciano Benedetti; the destruction by arson of Talayan, Maguindanao's municipal hall; the takeover of the Kauswagan Municipal Hall; the bombing of the Lady of Mediatrix boat at Ozamiz City; and the takeover of the Narciso Ramos Highway[citation needed]. By doing so, they inflicted severe damage on the country's image abroad, and scared much-needed investments away. For this reason, on March 21, 2000, Estrada declared an "all-out-war" against the MILF. During the war the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) asked Estrada to negotiate a cease-fire with MILF, but Estrada opposed the idea arguing that a cease-fire would cause more terrorist attacks. For the next three months of the war, Camp Abubakar, headquarters of the MILF, fell along with other 13 major camps and 43 minor camps, and then all of which became under controlled by the government. The MILF leader Hashim Salamat fled to Malaysia. The MILF later declared a Jihad on the government. On July 10 of the same year, the President went to Minadanao and raised the Philippine flag symbolizing victory. After the war the President said, "... will speed up government efforts to bring genuine and lasting peace and development in Mindanao". In the middle of July the president ordered the military to arrest top MILF leaders.[19]

In his state of the nation address, popularly called "SONA", the president highlighted his vision for Mindanao:

  • The first is to restore and maintain peace in Mindanao—because without peace, there can be no development.
  • The second is to develop Mindanao—because without development, there can be no peace.
  • The third is to continue seeking peace talks with the MILF within the framework of the Constitution—because a peace agreed upon in good faith is preferable to a peace enforced by force of arms.
  • And the fourth is to continue with the implementation of the peace agreement between the government and the Moro National Liberation Front, or MNLF—because that is our commitment to our countrymen and to the international community.

In addition to this the president said his administration can move with more speed in transforming Mindanao into a progressive economic center.[19] High on the list of priorities was the plight of MILF guerrillas who were tired of fighting and had no camps left to which to report. On October 5, 2000 the first massive surrender of 669 MILF mujahideen led by the renegade vice mayor of Marugong, Lanao del Sur Malupandi Cosandi Sarip and seven other battalion commanders, surrendered to President Estrada at the 4th ID headquarters in Camp Edilberto Evangelista, Bgy. Patag, Cagayan de Oro City. They were followed shortly by a second batch of 855 surrenderees led by MILF Commander Sayben Ampaso on December 29, 2000.[20]

Controversies

Main article: Presidency_of_Joseph_Estrada § Controversies

Corruption charges and impeachment

President Estrada in 2000.

In October 2000, Ilocos Sur governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a close friend of the President, alleged that he had personally given Estrada P400 million as payoff from jueteng hidden in a bank account known as "Jose Velarde" – a grassroots-based numbers game, as well as P180 million from the government price subsidy for the tobacco farmers' marketing cooperative after Estrada ordered a full blown investigation into Chavit Singson's alleged misuse of millions of pesos in public funds. Singson's allegation caused controversy across the nation, which culminated in the House of Representatives' filing of an impeachment case against Estrada on November 13, 2000. House Speaker Manny Villar fast-tracked the impeachment complaint. The impeachment suit was brought to the Senate and an impeachment court was formed, with Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. as presiding officer. Estrada, pleaded “not guilty”.

This was the first time the Filipino public witnessed, through radio and television, an elected president stand in trial and face possible impeachment with full media coverage. During the trial, the prosecution presented witnesses and alleged evidences to the impeachment court regarding Estrada's alleged involvement in jueteng. The existence of secret bank accounts which he allegedly uses for receiving payoffs was also brought to the fore.

In the 2004 Global Transparency Report, Estrada made into the list of the World's All-Time Most Corrupt Leaders in the World. He was listed tenth and he was said to have amassed between $78 million to $80 million.[21][22] Also making it to the list from the Philippines is Ferdinand Marcos,who ended up second in the list as he was said to have embezzled between $5 billion to $10 billion during his 21 years as President from 1965-1986.

EDSA II

Main article: EDSA Revolution of 2001

Protests

On the evening of January 16, 2001, the impeachment court voted not to open an envelope that was alleged to contain incriminating evidence against the president simply because it was not part of the impeachment complaint. The final vote was 11–10, in favor of keeping the envelope closed. The prosecution panel (of congressmen and lawyers) walked out of the Impeachment Court in protest of this vote. The 11 senators who voted not to open the envelope are known as the "Craven Eleven." That night, anti-Estrada protesters gathered in front of the EDSA Shrine at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, not too far away from the site of the 1986 People Power Revolution that overthrew Ferdinand Marcos.

On January 19, 2001, Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Angelo Reyes, seeing the political upheaval throughout the country, "decided to withdraw his support" from the president and transfer his allegiance to the vice president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

Resignation

The following day, the Supreme Court declared that the seat of presidency was vacant, saying that Estrada had constructively resigned his post. At noon, the Chief Justice swore in Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as president of the Philippines. Before Estrada's departure from Malacañang, he issued the following press release:

At twelve o'clock noon today, Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took her oath as President of the Republic of the Philippines. While along with many other legal minds of our country, I have strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as President, I do not wish to be a factor that will prevent the restoration of unity and order in our civil society.

It is for this reason that I now leave Malacañang Palace, the seat of the presidency of this country, for the sake of peace and in order to begin the healing process of our nation. I leave the Palace of our people with gratitude for the opportunities given to me for service to our people. I will not shirk from any future challenges that may come ahead in the same service of our country.

I call on all my supporters and followers to join me in to promotion of a constructive national spirit of reconciliation and solidarity.

May the Almighty bless our country and beloved people.

MABUHAY![23]

Post-Presidency

Estrada returned to his old home in San Juan. He maintained that he never resigned, implying that Arroyo's government was illegitimate.

The new government created a special court and charged him with plunder and had him arrested in April. Filipino supporters marched to the EDSA Shrine demanding Estrada's release and his reinstatement as president but were dispersed by high-grade teargas and warning shots from automatic rifles. On the morning of May 1, the protesters marched straight to Malacañan Palace. Violence erupted and the government declared a State of Rebellion. Many Filipino protesters were badly injured and arrested, including politicians. The government called out the military and was able to quell the demonstration with teargas and automatic rifles. The bloody uprising came to be known as EDSA III.

Estrada was initially detained at the Veteran's Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City and then transferred to a military facility in Tanay, Rizal, but he was later transferred to a nearby vacation home, virtually in house arrest. Under Philippine law, plunder had a maximum penalty of death, however the death penalty was eventually repealed.

Trial

Main article: Trial of Joseph Estrada

On September 12, 2007, the Sandiganbayan finally gave its decision, finding Estrada not guilty on his perjury case but guilty of plunder "beyond reasonable doubt." He was sentenced to Reclusión perpetua. He was thus the first Philippine President who was impeached and then convicted.[24]

On September 26, 2007, Joseph Estrada appealed by filing a 63-page motion for reconsideration of the Sandiganbayan judgment penned by Teresita de Castro (submitting 5 legal grounds).[25][26] Estrada alleged that the court erred "when it convicted him by acquitting his alleged co-conspirators."[27]

On October 5, 2007, the Sandiganbayan's Special Division ruled to have set for October 19, oral argument (instead of a defense reply) on Joseph Estrada’s motion for reconsideration. Estrada asked for court permission to attend the hearing, since it ordered the prosecution to file comment before October 11.[28]

Perjury case

The Sandiganbayan's special division, on June 27, 2008, ordered Estrada to file comment within 10 days, on the motion of the Ombudsman's Special Prosecutor to re-open the trial of his perjury case regarding 1999 statement of assets, liabilities and net worth (SALN). The court will also resolve Banco de Oro's (formerly Equitable PCI Bank), plea that it cannot determine "without hazard to itself" who to turn over to the P1.1 billion Jose Velarde assets due to claims by Wellex Group / William Gatchalian and a Bureau of Internal Revenue stay order.[29]

Pardon and release from detention

On October 22, 2007, Acting Justice Secretary Agnes Devanadera stated that Joseph Estrada is seeking a “full, free, and unconditional pardon” from President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Estrada's lawyer Jose Flaminiano wrote Arroyo: "The time has come to end President Estrada's fight for justice and vindication before the courts. Today [Monday], we filed a withdrawal of his Motion for Reconsideration." Estrada, 70, stressed the "delicate condition" of his mother in asking for pardon.[30]

On October 25, 2007, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo granted executive clemency to Joseph Estrada based on the recommendation by the Department of Justice (DoJ). Acting Executive Secretary and Press Secretary Ignacio R. Bunye quoted the signed Order: "In view hereof in pursuant of the authority conferred upon me by the Constitution, I hereby grant Executive clemency to Joseph Ejercito Estrada, convicted by the Sandiganbayan of plunder and imposed a penalty of reclusion perpetua. He is hereby restored to his civil and political rights." Bunye noted that Estrada committed in his application not to seek public office, and he would be free from his Tanay resthouse on October 26, noon.[31][32][33] On October 26, 2007, after almost 7 years of detention, Joseph Estrada was finally released after the Sandiganbayan promulgated the historical Resolution.[34]

Activities

When he was released he gave a message to the Filipino people that he can once again help the lives of the people, especially the poor. He also stated that he made errors as a public servant but he assured them that corruption was not one of them. After the release he had a nationwide tour called "Lakbay Pasasalamat"[35][36] (Thank you tour) and during those trips he thanked the people for their support and gave them relief goods such as food, medicines and clothing.[10][37][38] In politics, he is convincing leaders of the opposition to have unity in the party or, he said, he will run.[39]

2010 Presidential election

Joseph Estrada has stated in interviews that he would be willing to run for the opposition in the event that they are unable to unite behind a single candidate.[40][41] Fr. Joaquin Bernas and Christian Monsod, members of the constitutional commission that drafted the 1987 Constitution, have stated that the constitution clearly prohibits any elected president from seeking a second term at any point in time.[42] Romulo Macalintal, election counsel of President Arroyo, has clarified that the constitutional ban doesn't prevent Estrada from attaining the presidency in the event that he were to be elevated from the vice-presidency, for example.[43] However, Rufus Rodriquez, one of Estrada's lawyers, claims that the former president is within his rights to do so because the prohibition banning re-election only applies to the incumbent president.[40]

On October 22, 2009 former President Joseph Estrada announced that he would run again for president with Makati City Mayor Jejomar Binay as his running mate.[44]

His Senatorial lineup included Francisco Tatad, Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada and Joey de Venecia.

Other activities

In October 2010, the magazine Foreign Policy included Estrada in its list of five former head of states/governments who did not make "a positive difference in the world", but "faded away into obscurity." Also included in this "Bad Exes" list were Thailand's Thaksin Shinawatra, Spain's Jose Maria Aznar, and Germany's Gerhard Schroder.[45]

Estrada announced in November 2010 that he will be selling his 3,000 square-metre (0.74-acre) home in San Juan, Metro Manila for nearly seven million dollars (300 million Philippine pesos) to "pursue his real estate business."[citation needed] Agence France Presse reported that Estrada "has put up two high-rise residential condominium buildings and plans to build a third soon."[46]

Mayor of Manila

Cars, convoys
Joseph Estrada (March 27, 2013 election campaign sortie, Manila Central Post Office).

In May 2012, Estrada announced his intention to run for Mayor of Manila in the 2013 elections.[47]

Around noon of 14 May 2013, the day after the conduct of the 2013 Philippine mid-term elections, Estrada and his running-mate and re-electionist Vice Mayor Francisco "Isko Moreno" Domagoso were proclaimed mayor-elect and vice mayor-elect, respectively by the City Board of Canvassers for the City of Manila.

Electoral history

Provinces in which Estrada won in 1992, 1998 and 2010 national elections.

San Juan mayoralty elections

  • Estrada won every mayoralty election in San Juan from 1969 to 1984.

Senatorial election, 1987:

  • Joseph Estrada (GAD) – 10,029,978 (14th, 24 candidates with the highest number of votes win the 24 seats in the Senate)

Vice Presidential election, 1992:

Presidential election, 1998:

Presidential election, 2010:

Manila Mayoralty Elections 2013

Ancestry

Family of Joseph Estrada
4. Telesforo Ejército
2. Emilio Ejército
1. Joseph Estrada
3. María Marcelo

Since the beginning of his political career, Estrada has been the butt of many jokes in the Philippines. Majority of the jokes about him center around his limited English vocabulary, while others focus on his corruption scandals. During his presidential campaign in 1998, Estrada authorized the distribution of the joke compilation book ERAPtion: How to Speak English Without Really Trial.[48]

Awards and honors

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ a b "Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters". People's Daily. July 10, 2000. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d "Speech of Former President Estrada on the GRP-MORO Conflict – Philippine Human Development Network". Hdn.org.ph. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  4. ^ President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. A Biography. Joseph Ejercito Estrada Site. http://erap.ph/speakson/erap_bio.htm
  5. ^ Cacho-Olivares. "Oust Estrada plot bared: Business, Church group behind 'Oplan Excelsis' ".The Daily Tribune. 30 October 2000. Originally posted in. Republished in http://www.network54.com/Forum/5345/viewall-page-213. http://jesusabernardo.newsvine.com/_news/2009/10/10/3369444-look-back-oplan-excelsis-plot-to-oust-then-rp-president-joseph-estrada-hatched-in-2000
  6. ^ Tordesillas, Ellen. "Credit should go to Mike Arroyo". Malaya. 16 January 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20020206231755/http://malaya.com.ph/jan16/edtorde.htm
  7. ^ Biography. "Joseph "Erap" Ejercito Estrada – The Official Webpage of Joseph Ejercito Estrada » Biography". Erap.ph. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  8. ^ a b Malaya, J. Eduardo (2004). ...So Help Us God: The Vice Presidents of the Philippines and Their Inaugural Addresses. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. pp. 277–299. ISBN 971-27-1487-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Martinez-Belen, Crispina. (2009, March 27). Mowelfund marks 35th year. The Manila Bulletin. Retrieved September 28, 2009 from http://mb.com.ph
  10. ^ a b c d President Joseph Ejercito Estrada, A Biography[dead link‍]
  11. ^ "The rise and fall of Joseph Estrada – Yehey! News". Yehey.com. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  12. ^ "– Gloria and cha-cha – Research – Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs – Latest Philippine News – BETA". Gmanews.tv. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  13. ^ "Philippines : Gov.Ph : The Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines – General Information". Gov.Ph. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  14. ^ Abaya, Antonio. (2007, January 17). GMAs Successes. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
  15. ^ Untitled Document[dead link‍]
  16. ^ http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fifth-republic/joseph-ejercito-estrada/
  17. ^ "www.iskandalo.com". iskandalo.com. August 21, 1983. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  18. ^ "Records prove Estrada's achievements" Philippine News for Filipinos
  19. ^ a b "Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters". People's Daily. July 10, 2000. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  20. ^ "''American Chronicle'', "AFP-MILF 2000 War in Mindanao Remembered"". Americanchronicle.com. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  21. ^ "World's Ten Most Corrupt Leaders1". Infoplease.com Source: Transparency International Global Corruption Report 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  22. ^ "Global Corruption Report" (PDF). Transparency International. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  23. ^ "G.R. No. 146710-15". Lawphil.net. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  24. ^ "Erap guilty of plunder, sentenced to reclusion perpetua", gmanews.tv, September 12, 2007.
  25. ^ "Monstersandcritics.com, Philippines' ex-president Estrada appeals conviction for plunder". Monstersandcritics.com. September 26, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  26. ^ english@peopledaily.com.cn (September 26, 2007). "English.people.com, Convicted Philippine ex-president files reconsideration motion". People's Daily. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  27. ^ "Inquirer.net, Estrada asks Sandiganbayan to reverse conviction, Cites acquittal of co-accused". Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  28. ^ ManilaBulletin, Erap wants to attend Sandigan oral arguments[dead link‍]
  29. ^ "newsinfo.inquirer.net, Estrada told to reply to request to start perjury trial". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  30. ^ IHT, Ousted Philippine president withdraws appeal for his plunder conviction, seeks pardon[dead link‍]
  31. ^ "news.monstersandcritics.com, Philippine leader pardons ex-president Estrada". Monstersandcritics.com. October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  32. ^ "Inquirer.net, Arroyo grants pardon to Estrada". Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  33. ^ "Gmanews.tv, Estrada granted executive clemency". Gmanews.tv. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  34. ^ "Inquirer.net, Sandigan approves Estrada release". Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  35. ^ "Photo Release – Lakbay Pasasalamat". Senate.gov.ph. February 17, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  36. ^ Philippine Headline News Online (Phno) (April 9, 2008). "ERAP TO ENDORSE WHOEVER TOPS SURVEY IN 2010". Philippine Headline News. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  37. ^ "– QTV: Erap gives gift bags as part of birthday celebration". GMA News. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  38. ^ "– Estrada distributes food, clothes, medicine in Quezon City". GMA News. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  39. ^ "– Saksi: Erap bares list of possible senatorial bets for 2010". GMA News. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
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Joseph Estrada
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Political offices
Preceded by Mayor of the City of Manila
2013-present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by Vice President of the Philippines
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Philippines
June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001

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