Jump to content

54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Padraig Singal (talk | contribs) at 23:46, 6 October 2013 (Reverted 2 edits by 98.217.197.218 (talk) to last revision by BusterD. (TW)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
The 54th Massachusetts at the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863
ActiveMarch 13, 1863 to August 4, 1865
Country United States of America
AllegianceUnited States Union
BranchUnion Army
TypeInfantry
Size1,100
Nickname(s)54th Massachusetts Regiment
EngagementsAmerican Civil War
Commanders
ColonelRobert Gould Shaw
ColonelEdward Needles Hallowell

The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was one of the first official African American units in the United States during the Civil War. The 1st South Carolina Volunteers (Union) recruited from freed slaves, was the first Union Army regiment organized with African American soldiers in the Civil War, though many had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides.

History

Statue of Massachusetts Gov. John A. Andrew, who authorized the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.

The regiment was authorized in March 1863 by the Governor of Massachusetts, John A. Andrew. Commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, it was commissioned after the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation.[1] Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton decided white officers would be in charge of all "colored" units.[2] Andrew selected Robert Gould Shaw to be the regiment's colonel and Norwood Penrose "Pen" Hallowell to be its lieutenant colonel.[1] Like many officers of regiments of African-American troops, both Shaw and Hallowell were promoted several grades, both being captains at the time.[1] The rest of the officers were evaluated by Shaw and Hallowell: these officers included Luis Emilio,[3] and Garth Wilkinson "Wilkie" James, brother of Henry James and William James. Many of these officers were of abolitionist families and several were chosen by Governor Andrew himself. Lt. Col. Norwood Hallowell was joined by his younger brother Edward Needles Hallowell who was eventually appointed major in the regiment and would later command it after Shaw's death. Twenty-four of the 29 officers were veterans, but only six had been previously commissioned.[4]

The soldiers were recruited by white abolitionists (including Shaw's parents). These recruiters included Lieutenant J. Appleton,[5] also the first man commissioned in the regiment, whose recruiting efforts included posting a notice in the Boston Journal.[6] Wendell Phillips and Edward L. Pierce spoke at a Joy Street Church recruiting rally, encouraging free blacks to enlist.[citation needed] About 100 people were actively involved in recruitment, including those from Joy Street Church and a group of individuals appointed by Governor Andrew to enlist black men for the 54th.[7]

The 54th trained at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston. While there they received considerable moral support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including Ralph Waldo Emerson.[7] Material support included warm clothing items, battle flags and $500 contributed for the equipping and training of a regimental band. As it became evident that many more recruits were coming forward than were needed, the medical exam for the 54th was described as "rigid and thorough" by the Massachusetts Surgeon-General. This resulted in what he described as the most "robust, strong and healthy set of men" ever mustered into service in the United States.[8] Despite this, as was common in the Civil War, a few men died of disease prior to the 54th's departure from Camp Meigs.[citation needed]

By most accounts the 54th left Boston with very high morale. This was despite the fact that[citation needed] Jefferson Davis' proclamation of December 23, 1862[9] effectively put both African-American enlisted men and white officers under a death sentence if captured. The proclamation was affirmed by the Confederate Congress in January 1863 and turned both enlisted soldiers and their white officers over to the states from which the enlisted soldiers had been slaves. As most Southern states had enacted draconian measures for "servile insurrection" after Nat Turner's Rebellion, the likely sentence was a capital one.[citation needed]

The 54th left Boston with fanfare on May 28, 1863, and arrived to more celebrations in Beaufort, South Carolina. They were greeted by local blacks and by Northern abolitionists, some of whom had deployed from Boston a year earlier as missionaries to the Port Royal Experiment[10] In Beaufort, they joined with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, a unit of South Carolina freedmen led by James Montgomery.[11] After the 2nd Volunteers' successful Raid at Combahee Ferry, Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia.[12] The population had fled, and Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town.[13] Shaw objected to this activity and complained over Montgomery's head that burning and looting were not suitable activities for his model regiment.[14]

The regiment's first battlefield action took place in a skirmish with Confederate troops on James Island, South Carolina, on July 16. The regiment stopped a Confederate assault,[15] losing 42 men in the process.[citation needed]

Depiction of the attack on Fort Wagner in the painting The Old Flag Never Touched the Ground

The regiment gained recognition on July 18, 1863, when it spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. 272 of the 600 men who charged Fort Wagner were "killed, wounded or captured."[16] At this battle Colonel Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men; 24 more later died of wounds, 15 were captured, 52 were missing in action and never accounted for, and 149 were wounded. The total regimental casualties of 272 would be the highest total for the 54th in a single engagement during the war. Although Union forces were not able to take and hold the fort (despite taking a portion of the walls in the initial assault), the 54th was widely acclaimed for its valor during the battle, and the event helped encourage the further enlistment and mobilization of African-American troops, a key development that President Abraham Lincoln once noted as helping to secure the final victory. Decades later, Sergeant William Harvey Carney was awarded the Medal of Honor for grabbing the U.S. flag as the flag bearer fell, carrying the flag to the enemy ramparts and back, and singing "Boys, the old flag never touched the ground!" While other African-Americans had since been granted the award by the time it was presented to Carney, Carney's is the earliest action for which the Medal of Honor was awarded to an African-American.[citation needed]

The Battle of Olustee

Ironically, during the week leading up to the 54th's action near Charleston, simmering racial strife climaxed in the New York Draft Riots.[17] African-Americans on the city's waterfront and Lower East Side were beaten, tortured, and lynched by white mobs angered over conscription for the Union war effort; rioters mortally wounded the nephew of Sergeant Robert Simmons,[18] who would himself be mortally wounded and captured at Fort Wagner.[19] These mobs directed their animosity toward blacks because they felt the Civil War was caused by them. However, the bravery of the 54th would help to assuage anger of this kind.[citation needed]

Under the command of now-Colonel Edward Hallowell, the 54th fought a rear-guard action covering the Union retreat at the Battle of Olustee. As part of an all-black brigade under Col. Alfred S. Hartwell, they unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate militia at the November 1864 Battle of Honey Hill. In mid-April 1865, they fought at the Battle of Boykin's Mill, a small affair in South Carolina that proved to be one of the last engagements of the war.[citation needed]

Pay controversy

The enlisted men of the 54th were recruited on the promise of pay and allowances equal to their white counterparts. This was supposed to amount to subsistence and $13 a month.[20] Instead, they were informed upon arriving in South Carolina, the Department of the South would pay them only $7 per month ($10 with $3 withheld for clothing, while white soldiers did not pay for clothing at all.)[21] Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting the measure.[22] Although the state of Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay, on principle, a regiment-wide boycott of the pay tables on paydays became the norm.[23]

After Shaw's death at Fort Wagner, Colonel Edward Needles Hallowell took up the fight to get back full pay for the troops.[24] Lt. Col. Hooper took command of the regiment starting June 18, 1864. After nearly a month Colonel Hallowell returned on July 16.[25]

The Congressional bill, enacted on June 16, 1864, authorized equal and full pay to those enlisted troops who were free men as of April 1864. Of course not all the troops qualified. Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, rationalized that because he did not believe in slavery he could therefore have all the troops swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861. Before being given their back pay the entire regiment was administered what became known as "the Quaker oath."[24] Colonel Hallowell skillfully crafted the oath to say: “You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor on or before the 19th day of April 1861. So help you God.”[24][26]

Refusing their reduced pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th. In fact, at the Battle of Olustee, when ordered forward to protect the retreat of the Union forces, the men moved forward shouting, "Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month!"[1]

On September 28, 1864, the U.S. Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th. Most of the men had served 18 months.[25]

Legacy

Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment by Augustus Saint-Gaudens
54th Regiment Memorial

A monument, constructed 1884–1898 by Augustus Saint-Gaudens on the Boston Common, is part of the Boston Black Heritage Trail.[27]

Of the regiment, Governor John A. Andrew said:

I know not where, in all of human history, to any given thousand men in arms there has been committed a work at once so proud, so precious, so full of hope and glory.[28]

A famous composition by Charles Ives, "Col. Shaw and his Colored Regiment", the opening movement of Three Places in New England, is based both on the monument and the regiment.[27]

Colonel Shaw and his men also feature prominently in Robert Lowell's Civil War Centennial poem "For the Union Dead" (1964); Lowell invokes the realism of the Saint-Gaudens monument:[27]

Two months after marching through Boston,
half the regiment was dead;
at the dedication,
William James could almost hear the bronze Negroes breathe.

Later he unflinchingly looks at Shaw's and his men's death:[27]

Shaw's father wanted no monument
except the ditch,
where his son's body was thrown
and lost with his "niggers".
Detail from Saint-Gauden's original tinted plaster model

A Union officer had asked the Confederates at Battery Wagner for the return of Shaw's body, but was informed by the Confederate commander, Brigadier General Johnson Hagood, "We buried him with his niggers."[29] Shaw's father wrote in response that he was proud that Robert, a fierce fighter for equality, had been buried in that manner.[30] "We hold that a soldier's most appropriate burial-place is on the field where he has fallen."[31] As a recognition and honor, at the end of the Civil War, the 1st South Carolina Volunteers, and the 33rd Colored Regiment were mustered out at the Battery Wagner site of the mass burial of the 54th Massachusetts.[citation needed]

More recently, the story of the unit was depicted in the 1989 Academy Award winning film Glory starring Matthew Broderick as Shaw, Denzel Washington as Private Tripp, Morgan Freeman, Cary Elwes, Jihmi Kennedy and Andre Braugher.[32] The film re-established the now-popular image of the combat role African-Americans played in the Civil War, and the unit, often represented in historical battle reenactments, now has the nickname the "Glory" regiment.[27]

2008 reactivation

The unit was reactivated on November 21, 2008 to serve as the Massachusetts National Guard ceremonial unit to render military honors at funerals and state functions. The new unit is now known as the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment.[33]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. Shmegma: Da Capo Press. pp. 1–5. ISBN 0-306-80623-1. Cite error: The named reference "Emilio pp. 1-5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Alexander M. Bielakowski Ph.D. (31 January 2013). Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-59884-427-6.
  3. ^ Clinton Cox (1991), Undying Glory: The Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, New York: Scholastic, p. 90.
  4. ^ Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. Shmegma: Da Capo Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-306-80623-1.
  5. ^ Burchard, Peter (1989). One gallant rush: Robert Gould Shaw and his brave Black Regiment. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-312-04643-X.
  6. ^ "To Colored Men. 54th Regiment! Massachusetts Volunteers, Of African Descent". Massachusetts Historical Society. 16 February 1863. To Colored Men: Wanted. Good men for the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers of African descent, Col. Robert G. Shaw (commanding). $100 bounty at expiration of term of service. Pay $13 per month, and State aid for families. All necessary information can be obtained at the office, corner Cambridge and North Russell Streets.
  7. ^ a b Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-306-80623-1. Cite error: The named reference "Emilio pp. 15-16" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. Shmegma: Da Capo Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0-306-80623-1.
  9. ^ "Jefferson Davis's Proclamation Regarding Captured Black Soldiers, December 23, 1862". University of Maryland, College Park. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  10. ^ Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (1964), pp. 248–249.
  11. ^ Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (1964), pp. 250–251.
  12. ^ Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (1964), pp. 251–252.
  13. ^ Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (1964), p. 252.
  14. ^ Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (1964), p. 252–253.
  15. ^ Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 57, 51–57. ISBN 0-306-80623-1.
  16. ^ "Exhibit: 54th Mass Casualty List". National Archives and Records Administration. 1996. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  17. ^ Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (1964), p. 262. "Even more crushing to Negro soldiers must have been the ugly news from New York. At the very time the 54th had been fighting doggedly about Charleston harbor, a furious mob, angered over the draft policy of the government, had vented its spleen on the hapless Negroes of the city. Ugly indeed was the thought that while they had been fighting at the front, black people were being lynched in the North, and that a Negro orphanage had been burned."
  18. ^ Clinton Cox (1991), Undying Glory: The Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, New York: Scholastic, p. 69.
  19. ^ Clinton Cox (1991), Undying Glory: The Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, New York: Scholastic, pp. 100—101.
  20. ^ Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. viii–ix, 8–9, . ISBN 0-306-80623-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  21. ^ Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (1964), p. 261.
  22. ^ Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 47–48, 109. ISBN 0-306-80623-1.
  23. ^ Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 130–131, 136–138. ISBN 0-306-80623-1.
  24. ^ a b c McPherson, James (1964). The Struggle for Equality. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 218.
  25. ^ a b "Lt. Col. Henry N. Hooper, 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry". Florida Department of Environmental Protection - Recreation and Parks and the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park Citizens Support Organization. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  26. ^ Fuller, James (2001). Men of Color, To Arms!: Vermont African-Americans in the Civil War. Lincoln, NE: iUniversity Press. p. 40.
  27. ^ a b c d e Joseph R. Laplante, Standard Times staff writer. "The 54th Regiment: Black soldiers remembered in bronze, prose and song". South Coast Today. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  28. ^ Emilio, Luis F. (1995). A Brave Black regiment: the history of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. Shmegma: Da Capo Press. pp. Page after title page. ISBN 0-306-80623-1.
  29. ^ Burchard, Peter (1989). One gallant rush: Robert Gould Shaw and his brave Black Regiment. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-312-04643-X.
  30. ^ Buescher, John. "Robert Gould Shaw". Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  31. ^ Brown, William Wells (1867). The Negro in the American Rebellion: His Heroism and His Fidelity. Boston: Lee & Shepherd. p. 380.
  32. ^ "Glory (1989)". IMDb. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  33. ^ Tierney McAffee (January 15, 2009). "54th Mass. Regiment to march in inaugural parade". The Boston (accessed via HighBeam Research). {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

Sources

  • Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964.

Further reading

  • Cox, Clinton (2007). Undying Glory: The Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment. Backinprint.com. ISBN 0-595-45116-0.
  • Duncan, Russell; Shaw, Robert (1999). Blue-Eyed Child of Fortune: The Civil War Letters of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-2174-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=54th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment&oldid=576063100"