Tarkhan (Punjab)
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- This article is about Tarkhan, a Northern Indian tribe. For other uses, see Tarkan (disambiguation)
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| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Punjab | |
| Languages | |
| Punjabi, Hindi, English[citation needed] | |
| Religion | |
| Sikhism, Hinduism, Islam[citation needed] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Indo-Aryans |
The Tarkhan (Template:Lang-pa (Shahmukhi), तरख़ान (Devanagari) tarkhān) are considered a Punjabi tribe. They are carpenters by occupation.[1]
H.A. Rose[1] supposed that they are descended from the Saka tribes, and originally settled in Taxila. Scholars such as Khalsa have analysed the work of ethnographers such as Ibbetson, Cunningham, and Elliot, and have concluded that agrarian and artisan communities in Punjab such as Tarkhans may be of Scythian origin.[2]
Further analysis has suggested that Tarkhans may be descended from Scythic tribes who settled in north-western India in successive waves between 500 B.C. too 500 AD.[3]
History
Varna status
Hindu Tarkhans are regarded to be of the Vaishya Varna (as they are artisans) and worship the Vedic deity, Vishwakarma. This is namely due to following the traditional Vaishya occupation of carpentry.[4]Hindu religious texts assigned Vaishyas to traditional roles in agriculture and cattle-rearing but over time they came to be landowners, traders and money-lenders.[5] The Vaishyas, along with members of the Brahmin and Kshatriya varnas, claim "twice born" (dvija) status in Hindu theology.[6] Indian traders were widely credited for the spread of Indian culture to regions as far as southeast Asia.[7]
Muslim Tarkhans
It was used among the various Iranian (Sogdians, Khotanese, and Hephthalites) Turkic and Mongol peoples of Central Asia and other steppe people, and was a high rank in the army of Tamerlane. Tarkhans commanded military contingents (roughly of regimental size under the Khazar khan) and were, roughly speaking, generals. They could also be assigned as military governors of conquered regions. In the Mongol Empire, the Darkhan were exempted from taxation, socage and requisitioning. Genghis Khan made those who helped his rise Darkhans in 1206. The families of the Darkhan played crucial roles later when the succession crisis occurred in Yuan Dynasty and Ilkhanate. Abaqa Khan (1234–82) made an Indian Darkhan after he had led his mother and her team all the way from Central Asia to Persia safely. A wealthy merchant of Persia was made of Darkhan by Ghazan (1271–1304) for his service during the early defeat of the Ilkhan. In Russia, the Khans of the Golden Horde assigned important tasks to the Darkhan. A jarliq of Temur Qutlugh (ca. 1370–1399) which authorized rights of the Tarkhan found in Crimea.[8]
Sikh Tarkhans
Sikh Tarkhans are more commonly known as Ramgarhias because of their reverence for the famous Misl leader, Maharaja Jassa Singh Ramgarhia(1723-1803), who was a Tarkhan.[9] Many Sikhs today mistake the term ‘Ramgharia’ for a caste rather than a sect. The Ramgharias are predominantly ‘Tarkhans’ (carpenters) by caste. A Tarkhan named Hardas, and his son Bhagwan Singh served Akali Nihang Guru Gobind Singh in the late 1600s/early 1700s. Later they would serve Banda Bahadur during his battles with the Moghals.At present Tarkhan Sikhs who are descended from the Ramgarhia Misl, especially in UK, keep their Gurdwaras separate and try to, contrary to Tat Khalsa Singh Sabhia thinking, maintain their distinctiveness in Sikhism. Many of their practices are in line with Sanatan Sikh ideology.[10]
The Sikh Tarkhans were the most dominant and powerful amongst the rest of the Tarkhan community. It was due to the followings of their original leader Baba Jai Lal Ji Ubhi, who was a follower of the 5th Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was a carpenter and builder by occupation, like most of the Ubhi clan whose main occupation was just that. Sikh Tarkhans are followers of Tat Khalsa and they pay their respect to their renowned leader, Maaharaja Jassa SIngh. Sikh Tarkhans also fought courageously in World War 1 and World War 2, as well within the Sikh Regiment. They also stood tall as they fought for the Sikh Empire, and brave warriors for Dal Khalsa
Ramgarhia Sikh/Misl
Ramgarhia, led by Nand Singh Sanghania, so called as they extended fort of Ram Rauni at Amritsar which was later called Ramgarh. Riarki Area around Batala Approximately 5,000 horsemen. Their territory was parts of Amritsar, Qadian, Batala and Sri Hargobindpur, in the Bari doab and Miani, Sarih, and Urmur Tanda in the Jalandhar Doab. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was a great Sikh warrior of times of Nawab Kapur Singh and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He led Khalsa army in many battles. In command of Dal Khalsa he was just behind Jassa Singh Ahluwalia after the retirement of Nawab Kapur Singh.[11]
History
It is from the first decade of the eighteenth century that we take up the thread of our narrative. Guru Gobind Singh having established the Brotherhood of Lions (the Singh) had gone back to Heaven leaving the infant Khalsa surrounded by blood - thirsty foes. He had promised to lend a helping and guiding hand from above. But the helpless children of the faith, seeing no visible hand to support them, trusted all their welfare to the leadership of Banda Bahadur. Upon this great leader and warrior the Guru had bestowed his blessings, and had received in return many sacred pledges, Banda promising to abide by the Guru's injunctions. He proved a good nurse to the young Lion - Cubs and avenged the murder of the two younger sons of the Guru who were mercilessly killed at Sirhind by the tyrant Mughal (Nawab Wazir Khan). The infant Khalsa soon grew to boyhood and learnt the use of its limbs. It was at this time that the following twelve Misl (confederacies) were formed.[12]
Origin of the Ramgarhia Misl
Rome was not built in a day. So the organisation of the Sikh power in the sacred land of the five rivers was not the work of one man (the Lion of the Punjab) only, nor was it attained in one day. It was the result of the constant and combined efforts of the twelve Misls. The leaders of these Misls had to undergo and face many hardships, not only to establish the Sikh power in the Punjab but also to defend their faith and their very existence upon the face of the earth. The seed was sown and watered by the blood of the martyrs. Our nerves tingle and our brains throb when we read the stories of these heroes. No religion can be proud of so many martyrs. But it was Ranjit Singh only who was destined to reap the main harvest which had taken nearly a century to ripen and had cost the blood of the dearest sons of the Guru. By some means or other he reduced all the chiefs to subjection who were on this side of the Satluj. The Cis - Satluj chiefs obtained the protection of the British and thus escaped destruction. The reader will find in the following pages how sudden and extraordinary were the circumstances that changed the fate of the Ramgarhia family. Had it time to appeal to the British Government, this family also would have been ruling over its possessions like its contemporaries of Patiala, Nabha, Jind and Kapurthala. Reader! It is really very pathetic to compare the present condition of the family with its past grandeur. Time has changed, new men have come to the front, some no doubt pushed forward merely by fortune and others drawn to the front by the extended hands of appreciation. Let us thank the Almighty that we are under the benign rule of a government which has the best regard for, appreciation of, noble blood and high birth, of which the recent establishment of the Imperial Cadet Corps by our worthy Viceroy Lord Curzon, bears ample testimony.[13]
Of the leaders of the Ramgarhia Misl during the earliest period of its existence Sardar Jassa Singh was the most distinguished, although he can hardly be called its founder. Through many eventful years the Misl had existed as an organised body under Sardar Khushal Singh.
Har Dass, the grandfather of Sardar Jassa Singh, was a resident of Sur - Singh, a large village in the Lahore district. He took Pahul (the Sikh baptism) from the hands of Guru Gobind Singh Ji himself and leaving the plough became one of his personal attendants. After the death of the Guru he joined the following of the Banda and took part in almost every religious battle under his flag against the Mughal Empire. In 1716 AD., he died in a skirmish. After him his son Sardar Bhagwan Singh became the head of the family, and with 200 followers entered the Imperial forces under the Governor of Lahore. Owing to his ability he rose to be a distinguished officer. He died fighting for his master in 1739 at Lahore, when Nadar Shah invaded India and the Governor resisted him ineffectually. He had five sons. Sardar Jassa Singh, the eldest, now became the head of the family. He was appointed a Risaldar by the Imperial Governor of Lahore, and the following villages were given to him in jagir Valla, Verka, Sultanwind, Tung and Chabba (all of these are now in the Amritsar district). On the death of Khan Bahadur, the Governor of Lahore, in 1746, Sardar Jassa Singh, together with his followers, joined his Sikh brethren at Amritsar.[14]
Involvement in the Sikh wars
On this occasion the Sardar was at Mandi appointed by the Sikh Government to collect the tributes from the entire hill Rajas. He held in check the entire hill Rajas and prevented their coming against the British. He garrisoned himself in the fort of Cumlah, which commands all the hill roads. Unfortunately his two infant sons (one was the late Sardar Gurdit Singh Ramgarhia and the other named Hardit Singh* died very young) fell into the hands of the hill Rajas who were besieging the fort. An incident is related of this seize which shows the chivalrous sense of duty of this Sardar. The besiegers put the little ones in front of the attacking line but the Sardar did not hesitate to fire saying thus he would not give up his cause for the sake of his children, if he lived through it God would give him more children. Providence rewarded him for his steadfastness and firmness. The babies escaped unhurt! The Rajas, impressed by the determination of the Sardar, and considering the fort too strong to be reduced by them, raised the siege. On the memorable 9th of March 1846, a treaty was concluded between the English and the Sikhs, and the Sardar received word from John Lawrence informing him of the compact. The Sardar at once obeyed the order and vacated the fort. Sir Lepel Griffin writes in the Punjab chiefs: "The Rajput chiefs with Raja Balbir Sen of Mandi at their head were not slow to take advantage of the war with the English and gave the Sardar plenty of work, but he held his ground till the treaty of 9th March 1846, enabled him to give up his trust with honour."
The second occasion was the second Sikh war. At this juncture the Sardar took upon himself the duty of guarding the communication between the Amritsar and Gurdaspur district and captured the notorious rebel Hari Singh. Sir Lepel Griffin records as follows: "During the second Sikh war Sardar Mangal Singh remained loyal and did excellent service in guarding the roads and maintaining order in the Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts. His great exploit, however, at this time was the capture of the notorious rebel and robber Hari Singh who had for sometime kept the country about Amritsar in a state of alarm. This he effected at Sagarpura near Rangar Nangal for which a grant of jagir worth Rs. 3,700 was made to him by the Darbar and confirmed after the annexation." For this service he also got a khilat and the following things from the English Government:- Sword: (still with the family), one Gold bracelet: one Horse: one Shawl Cashmere: one
The third occasion was mutiny. At this occasion the Sardar raised 20 sawaars according to the order of the Government. Himself being too old to go in the field in person, he sent his eldest son Sardar Gurdit Singh Ramgarhia who joined Colonel Abbot at Hoshiarpur and served to the entire satisfaction of his officers. According to the orders of Captain Harnas, Assistant Resident, Lahore, Sardar Mangal Singh joined the forces of General Havelock.
In 1862 on the retirement of Sardar Jodh Singh, he was appointed Manager of the affairs of the Sikh Temple at Amritsar. The Sardar with tact and ability, as will be seen from the testimonials filled the appointment, which was one of some difficulty. In the same year he was appointed an honorary Magistrate of the city at Amritsar. In 1864 the title of Sardar Ba-Wikar (Sardar with honour) was conferred upon him. In 1876, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales was graciously pleased to confer upon him the Companion-ship of the Star of India and adorned the breast of the Sardar with the Star with his own royal hands on the platform of the Clock Tower at the time of the visit to the Temple. He was also presented to his Royal Highness in the Levee at Lahore. He died in 1879. Sir Lepel Griffin writes of him: "Sardar Mangal Singh was a man of education and liberal ideas. It was in a great measure owing to his influence and example that the case of Female Education has been so widely and systematically taken up in the city of Amritsar." He took interest in the University movement. He used to take great part in all public movements. As an Honorary Magistrate he performed his duties so well, that he received the thanks of the Government of India for it. He died in 1879 nearly at the age of 80 years. The family has the pride of still possessing his sword with his name written upon the hilt in golden letters in Gurmukhi character. He remained the Manager of the Golden Temple for 17 years from 1862 to his death in 1879. He was skilled in all soldierly exercises. He was a first-rate archer and swordsman and one of the most experienced Sikhs in the use of the gun, revolver and even the pellet-bow and used to strike the golden pinnacles of the towers of the Ramgarhia Bunga on the 1st attempt with any of these weapons standing at a distance of nearly 156 ft., from the foot of the tower and thus covering a range of 220ft., nearly at an inclination of 45 to horizon (because the height of the towers is nearly 156 ft. from the ground). He was very fond of horses and was a great horseman.
On one occasion when he was the Manager of the Golden Temple, His Highness the Maharaja of Patiala visited the Temple. When returning from the temple the Maharaja, remembering the friendship that had always subsisted between the Patiala and Ramgarhia families took off a diamond ring worth 7 thousand Rupees from his finger and presented it to the Sardar. The Sardar considering the position of his family did not hesitate to put off his own ring (nearly of the same value) and presented it to the Maharaja. The astonished Maharaja picked up his, the Sardar kept his own, and thus parted the two chiefs of the two famous Sikh Misls, Phulkian and Ramgarhia. He won the love and respect of all those who came into contact with him. He not only received the highest testimonials from great officials for the good management of the Temple and won the golden opinion of the public of Amritsar, but was also idolised by his subordinates and dependants. Even now there is no Pujari who ever remembers the name of the Sardar except with respect. In his time the treasury of the temple was in a highly prosperous state. In his time many of the ornaments of the temple were made. It was he who had prepared the beautiful long canopy with silver supports, for the causeway, which leads to the temple. The rules made by him are now considered the fundamental principles of the management of the same. The matters relating to the temple have always puzzled by their intricacy the managers and other Government officials who have had to come in contact with it. He was also the President of the Managing Committee of this temple, consisting of all the Sikh Sardars of the province.
After Sardar Mangal Singh, his eldest son Sardar Gurdit Singh became the head of the family. In February 1858 he joined Colonel Abbot at Hoshiarpur when that officer was raising a force of cavalry for service in Oudh. He was made a Risaldar and served in the Oudh mounted Police to the complete satisfaction of his superior officers, until October 1859 when, on the reduction of the force, he returned to Amritsar where he was made 1st Class Inspector of Police. He retired in 1887.
In 1891 he was made a divisional Darbari in succession to his father and 1892 he was made an Honorary Magistrate. The same year the Government appointed him a member of the Municipal Committee of Amritsar. In 1893 he was assigned a place No.15 in the list of Provincial Darbaris. He was also appointed by the government to look after the affairs of the Golden Temple during the absence of Sardar Arjan Singh Chahal. He performed these onerous duties for more than a year when he was visited by a very severe attack of paralysis. He recovered but became too weak and hence resigned the post. His advice, however, was always sought and proved very useful. Being himself an educated man he, like his father, used to take great interest in all matters connected with education. He was not only a zealous member of the Khalsa College Committee but was one of the original promoters of the movement. He was the President of the educational Sub-committee of the Amritsar Municipality. He was also a member of the Khalsa Diwan. He used to take great interest in the social reforms of his community. In 1898, the Government suggested that the heads of different communities should try to curtail expenses incurred on marriages and similar occasions on which natives are given to spend beyond their means. He was appointed by the Government the President of the Ramgarhia community. He by convening many meetings of his brotherhood in his Bunga, at last succeeded in framing the rules calculated to achieve the above mentioned retrenchment and presented of these rules to the Government in his own handwriting. These rules are generally observed and constitute an everlasting memorial of the Sardar's reforming zeal. He died childless in 1900.
Sardar Suchet Singh, the younger brother of Sardar Gurdit Singh, was in the Govern-ment service as a Munsif. But he died in 1879 a few months after the death of his father leaving one son Sardar Bishan Singh, after the death of Sardar Gurdit Singh, has become the representative of the family. Sardar Sher Singh, the youngest brother of Sardar Gurdit Singh, remained at home to look after the household affairs and died in 1888, leaving two sons Sardar Sant Singh and Sundar Singh. Sardar Sant Singh got educated up to BA His name was accepted for the E.A.C. Examination, but he died in 1896, leaving no son. His younger brother Sundar Singh, the writer of these pages, is a student of the BA Class in the Lahore Government College. A Jagir of Rs. 3,600 per annum, bestowed upon the family in perpetuity by the British Government, is enjoyed by Sardar Bishen Singh and Sundar Singh Ramgarhias in equal shares, two thirds of the Jagir is in the Gurdaspur district, i.e., of villages Rupowali and Rangar Nangal in Tahshil Batala and one village named Tera Kalan is in Tahshil Ajnala in the Amritsar District. Besides this the family has much landed property in the city of Amritsar. Sardar Bishen Singh is a court Inspector at Simla. He succeeded his uncle as a Darbari. He is a well-educated and hard working man and knows well the following four languages, English, Persian, Urdu and Gurmukhi. He has two sons Sardar Narain Singh, a student of the MB School at Amritsar and the other is only a few months old.<refhttp://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/></ref>
The Ramgarhias today
The word Ramgarhia is composed of the terms Ram (God) and Garh (fort). Hence the adjective Ramgarhia means Custodians of the Castle of God. The fort which was the head quarters of the family, the history of which is given hereafter was named Ramgarh. This name is also given to a Bunga (mansion) and a Katra (a large portion of the city) both of which are situated on the eastern side of the city of Amritsar, the history of the each of them is given in the sequel. As a rule all Sikh's who belong to the same caste or clan as the Ramgarhia family call themselves Ramgarhias and I am proud to note that generally they are the most orthodox disciples of the Guru. In respect of martial qualities also they are second to none in the Punjab. In their veins runs the blood of their mighty forefathers and martyrs, their frames possess the indomitable spirit of Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, one of the greatest generals that the soil of the Punjab has ever produced. The Great Lion of the Punjab, who had more occasions than one to experience the strength of the Ramgarhia blows, acknowledged their superiority and had so much love for this name that he proudly gave the name Ramgarhia Brigade to a brigade of some of his bravest horsemen. Even the British Government maintains the martial spirit of the Ramgarhias to this day. The writer of the Punjab Gazeteer, while speaking of Ramgarhias in his description of the Amritsar District, says, "Ramgarhias though they form a separate caste, they possess all the good qualities and martial spirit of the Sikh Jats." Thus in the military atmosphere the Ramgarhias have the honour to share up to this day, with their Jat brothers, the topmost position among the Brotherhood of Lions.[15]
The Ramgarh fort
As everybody knows, Muhammadans, in the reign of the Mughal Emperors especially in the time of Aurangzeb, systematically injured the religious feelings of the Sikhs. Many Sikhs were tortured so horribly that one's hair stands on end to read accounts of them. But the Khalsa withstood the waves of persecution like a rock. The Golden Temple itself was destroyed many times by them. The Sikhs rebuilt it and for its defence four forts were built by the Misls, and on each side. Two forts were built by the Bhangi Misl. One was built by Sardar Gujar Singh, on the site where now stands the newer fort of Gobindgarh, i.e., to the west of the temple. The other lay to the south of the temple and was also built by the Bhangi Misl and named the Bhangi fort. It has disappeared and the place is occupied by houses and shops, but some remains of the old buildings are still found there and the place is called by the same name up to this day. The third fort was built by Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia to the north of the temple and was named Ahluwalia fort, its wall remained till 1900, when it was sold by auction and was dismantled. Cloth merchants have built there many large shops. Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia to the east of the temple erected the fourth fort. This fort was the oldest and was originally called Ram Rouni. The Muhammadans destroyed the fort, and it was rebuilt by Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and named Ramgarh. The fort was the greatest of all the Ramgarhia forts and was the head quarters of the Misl. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh visited the fort he admired the fortifications and at once ordered the foundations of a fort to be laid down according to the same plan. This new fort was named Gobindgarh and still exists to the north of the city. After the death of Sardar Jodh Singh Ramgarhia, Maharaja Ranjit Singh took possession of the fort and destroyed it. Some remains of it are still found inside the city of Amritsar near the Taran Taran Gate. The family has the honour of still possessing a slice of the land on which the old fort was situated. This land with pathetic appropriateness is named the graveyard of the Family of Sardar Mangal Singh Ramgarhia CSI" A stone on the entrance arch bears the above inscription in English, Urdu and Gurmukhi characters. Inside the enclosure are the graves of the deceased members of the family of Sardar Mangal Singh Ramgarhia, the epitaph in English being engraved on the headstone of each tomb. The oldest monument is that of Sardar Jodh Singh Ramgarhia who died in 1816. There are the sepulchres commemorating many brave soldiers of the Misl who fell fighting for it. There is also the tomb, erected by Sardar Jassa Singh, of the Sikh Martyr Baba Deep Singh. The hallowed ground, consecrated to the remains of heroes is a place of worship of the Sikhs who are by instinct and tradition hero worshippers all. Like all other sacred sites, it is also in the possession of Pujari's (priests) who are as a class avaricious. Not being satisfied with temple and its income they laid covetous eye on this "God's acre" and wished to demolish the graves of the family! They went so far as to destroy one of the tombs, did not hesitate to claim the ground as their own openly in court. Thanks to British law and justice, however, the case was decided in favour of the family, the real owners of the land. The remaining piece of land on which the Ramgarh fort stood, is still called Ramgarh, and contains several tanks and a temple, sacred to the Sikhs. The rest of the land is given up to cultivation. Only a piece of wall remains to show that once the great Ramgarh castle reared itself proudly there, and the grand Ramgarhia banner hoisted over it, waved its emblazoned Lions, High up in the air.
Tarkhan clans
According to Sir Denzil Ibbetson[2], the major Twelve Tarkhan clans (Based on 1881 census) of the Punjab and the Northwest Frontier Province in the order as they occur from east to west are:
- Jhangra - found in Delhi and Hissar
- Dhaman/Dhiman - found in Karnal, Ambala, Jalandahar, Sialkot, Patiala, Nabha, Faridhkot and Firozpur.
- Khatti - found in Karnal, Ambala, Jalandahar, Sialkot, Patiala, Nabha, Faridhkot and Firozpur.
- Siawan - Jallandhar and Sialkot
- Gade - Amritsar
- Matharu - Ludhiana, Amritsar and Lahore.
- Netal - Hoshiarpur
- Janjua - Rawalpindi
- Tharu - Gurdaspur and Sialkot
- Khokar - Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan
- Bhatti - Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan
- Begi Khel - Hazara
- Ibbetson notes further that:
- "The carpenters of Sirsa are divided into two great sections: the Dhaman/Dhiman and Khatti proper, and the two will not intermarry. These are two great tribes of the Lohars (q.v.). The Dhamans again include a tribe of Hindu Tarkhans called Suthar, who are almost entirely agricultural, seldom working in wood, and who look down upon the artisan sections of their caste. They say they came from Jodhpur, and that their tribe still holds villages and revenue free grants in Bikaner."
Tarkhans and Lohars
Historically,the Sikh tarkhan's occupation was carpentry as well as being blacksmiths.Many administrators of the British Raj period who also wrote books - such as H. A. Rose[16] and Denzil Ibbetson[17] - referred to the blacksmith communities as Lohars, although in fact that term refers to a specific group of people sikligar and is not the synonym that they supposed.[18]
See also
References
- ^ W. H. McLeod, Exploring sikhism: aspects of Sikh identity, culture and thought, Oxford University Press, 2000 ISBN 978-0-19-564902-4, p. 214.
- ^ http://rajputana.htmlplanet.com/scy_raj/scy_raj1.html
- ^ www.worldmultimedia.biz/Culture/yuechih%20sakas%20kushans.pdf
- ^ http://www.unp.me/f16/the-tarkhan-history-48969/#ixzz2p8yULu50
- ^ Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. p. 24.
- ^ Madan, Gurmukh Ram (1979). Western Sociologists on Indian Society: Marx, Spencer, Weber, Durkheim, Pareto. Taylor & Francis. p. 112. ISBN 9780710087829.
- ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Gluck, Carol. Asia in western and world history. p. 361.
- ^ http://reff.net.ua/26327-YArlyki_hanov_Zolotoiy_Ordy_kak_istochnik_prava_i_kak_istochnik_po_istorii_prava.html
- ^ http://www.unp.me/f16/the-tarkhan-history-48969/#ixzz2p90EzW9M
- ^ http://www.sarbloh.info/htmls/article_samparda_ramgharia.html
- ^ http://informaitonofpunjab.weebly.com/punjab.html
- ^ http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/ramgarhia2/ram%20Jassa%20Singh.htm
- ^ http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/ramgarhia2/ram%20Jassa%20Singh.htm
- ^ http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/ramgarhia2/ram%20Jassa%20Singh.htm
- ^ http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/ramgarhia2/ram%20Jassa%20Singh.htm
- ^ ^ see H.A. Rose. A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province 1919
- ^ Ibbetson, Denzil (1916). "Workers in wood,iron,stone and Clay". Panjab Castes (reprint ed.). Lahore: Low Price Publications, 1916. pp. 309–314. ISBN 8185557551, 9788185557557. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Judge, Paramjit S.; Bal, Gurpreet (1996). Strategies of social change in India. M.D. Publications. p. 54. ISBN 978-81-7533-006-1. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ see H.A. Rose. A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province 1919
- ^ Sir Denzil Ibbetson. Panjab Castes - page 312f. [year needed]