MeToo movement
"Me Too" (or "#MeToo", with local alternatives in other languages) spread virally as a two-word hashtag used on social media in October 2017 to denounce sexual assault and harassment, in the wake of sexual misconduct allegations against Harvey Weinstein.[1][2][3] The phrase, long used in this sense by social activist Tarana Burke,[4] was popularized by actress Alyssa Milano, who encouraged women to tweet it to publicize experiences to demonstrate the widespread nature of misogynistic behavior. Since then, millions of people have used the hashtag to come forward with their experiences, including many celebrities.[5][6]
Origin
Social activist and community organizer Tarana Burke created the phrase "Me Too" on the MySpace social network[7] in 2006 as part of a grassroots campaign to promote "empowerment through empathy" among women of color who have experienced sexual abuse, particularly within underprivileged communities.[4][8][9][10][11] Burke, who is creating a documentary titled Me Too, has said she was inspired to use the phrase after being unable to respond to a 13-year-old girl who confided to her that she had been sexually assaulted. Burke later wished she had simply told the girl, "me too".[7]
On October 10th, 2017, five days after The New York Times article detailing allegations of sexual misconduct by film producer Harvey Weinstein, in the comments section of the follow-up Times' op-ed piece by Lena Dunham entitled "Harvey Weinstein and the Silence of the Men" (October 9th, 2017) a reader posting under the username 'jammer' wrote the following:
Here's what really needs to happen now. Every woman who has ever been presented with a career/sex quid pro quo in the entertainment industry should come forward and simply say, "Me, too."
On October 15th, 2017, actress Alyssa Milano encouraged spreading the phrase as part of an awareness campaign to show the scale and ubiquity of the problem, tweeting: "If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote 'Me too.' as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem."[12][13][14][5][15] Milano later attributed the phrase to Burke, calling Burke's story "heartwarming and inspiring".[7]
Reach and impact
The phrase had been used more than 200,000 times by October 15,[16] and tweeted more than 500,000 times by October 16.[1] On Facebook, the hashtag had been used by more than 4.7 million people in 12 million posts during the first 24 hours.[6] The platform reported that 45% of users in the United States had a friend who had posted using the term.[17]
Tens of thousands of people replied to Milano's tweet, including:[18]
- Patricia Arquette[19]
- Thora Birch[20]
- Björk[21][22]
- Gretchen Carlson[2]
- Barry Crimmins[19]
- Bethany Cosentino[23]
- Sheryl Crow[5]
- Vir Das[24]
- Viola Davis[5]
- Kimya Dawson[25]
- Rosario Dawson[5]
- Felicia Day[21]
- Ellen DeGeneres[26]
- Laura Dreyfuss[27]
- Mallika Dua[24]
- Nikki DuBose[11]
- Sadie Dupuis[23]
- America Ferrera[28][29]
- Lady Gaga[5]
- Ilana Glazer[21]
- Heather Graham[21]
- Sarah Hyland[5]
- Rupi Kaur[30]
- Marne Levine[31]
- Monica Lewinsky[32]
- Amber Liu[33]
- Melanie Lynskey[21]
- McKayla Maroney[5][34][35]
- Marlee Matlin[36]
- Debra Messing[1]
- Alyssa Milano[1]
- Lane Moore[25]
- Javier Muñoz[1]
- Ashleigh Murray[37]
- Anna Paquin[1]
- Pauley Perrette[37]
- Christina Perri[23]
- Busy Philipps[5]
- Emily Ratajkowski[31]
- Molly Ringwald[21]
- Anika Noni Rose[38]
- Jenny Slate[21]
- Gabrielle Union[2][39]
- Jessica Valenti[30]
- Elizabeth Warren[30][40]
- Evan Rachel Wood[5]
- Reese Witherspoon[41]
Some men, such as actors Terry Crews[42] and James Van Der Beek,[43] have responded to the hashtag with their own experiences of harassment and abuse, while others have responded by acknowledging past behaviors against women, spawning the hashtag "HowIWillChange."[12] The hashtag "HimThough" was coined by Elizabeth Plank.[44]
In addition to Hollywood, "Me Too" declarations elicited discussion of sexual harassment and abuse in the music industry,[23] sciences,[45] academia,[46] and politics.[47] In the music industry, the band Veruca Salt used the #MeToo hashtag to air allegations of sexual harassment against James Toback,[48] and Alice Glass used the hashtag to share a history of alleged sexual assault and other abuses by former Crystal Castles bandmate Ethan Kath.[49][50]
Statehouses in California, Illinois, Oregon, and Rhode Island responded to allegations of sexual harassment surfaced by the campaign,[51] and several women in politics spoke out about their experiences of sexual harassment, including United States Senators Heidi Heitkamp, Mazie Hirono, Claire McCaskill and Elizabeth Warren.[47] Congresswoman Jackie Speier has introduced a bill aimed at making sexual harassment complaints easier to report on Capitol Hill.[52]
International response
The hashtag has trended in at least 85 countries,[53] including India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. Variants of the phrase trended in France,[16] using "BalanceTonPorc" (DenounceYourPig),[54] which encouraged users to share the names of their alleged abusers.[55] In Italy, women posted stories of assault and harassment under the hashtag #QuellaVoltaChe translated literally into "#TheTimeThat."[56][57] The Spanish-language counterpart is "#YoTambién". In French-speaking parts of Canada, the campaign is done under the hashtag "#MoiAussi". In Israel, the Hebrew hashtag "גםאנחנו#" (#UsToo) began trending on October 18, with a front page spread in the newspaper Yediot Aharonot.[54] In Sweden, several women used the hashtag to confront television presenter Martin Timell's alleged abuse towards them.[58] All of his shows on TV4 were cancelled on October 20, 2017.[59][60]
The European Parliament convened a session directly in response to the Me Too campaign, after it gave rise to allegations of abuse in Parliament and in the European Union's offices in Brussels. Cecilia Malmstrom, the European Commissioner for Trade, specifically cited the hashtag as the reason the meeting had been convened.[61] In the UK, the Cabinet Office has launched an investigation in allegations that Parliament member Mark Garnier ordered a secretary to buy sex toys for his wife and mistress.[62]
In China, the websphere reacted in anger following the media claims that harassment was a foreign problem, claiming Chinese men to be educated as protective.[63]
List of local alternative hashtags
- Arabic: أنا_كمان#
- Canada, French-speaking areas: #MoiAussi (en: MeToo)
- China: #我也是 (en: MeToo)
- English-speaking countries: #MeToo
- France: #balanceTonPorc (en: DenounceYourPig)
- Italy: #QuellaVoltaChe (en: TheTimeThat)
- Israel: גםאנחנו# (en: UsToo)
- Japan: #meToo (en: MeToo)
- South Korea: #나도 (en: MeToo)
- Spain: #YoTambién (en: MeToo)
- Vietnam: #TôiCũngVậy (en: MeToo)
Aftermath
Shortly after the allegations against Harvey Weinstein broke, the following public figures have also been accused of inappropriate behavior (including but not limited to harassment or assault):
- Ben Affleck, filmmaker[64]
- Ken Baker, TV personality[65]
- André Balazs, hotelier[66]
- Dave Becky, talent manager[67]
- Eddie Berganza, editor for DC Comics[68]
- John Besh, chef[69]
- Stephen Blackwell, chief strategy officer for Billboard[70]
- Sepp Blatter, former president of FIFA[71]
- David Blaine, magician[72]
- George H. W. Bush, former President of the United States[73]
- Louis C.K., comedian[67]
- Alex Calder, musician[74]
- Mariah Carey, singer and actress[75]
- CBS, Eye Productions, Jeffrey Downer, Jake Downer, and others associated with Hawaii Five-0[76]
- Stephen Crabb, UK Member of Parliament[77]
- Billy DaMota, casting director[78]
- Andy Dick, comedian[79]
- Richard Dreyfuss, actor[80]
- Charlie Elphicke, UK Member of Parliament[81]
- Ahmet Ertegun, founder of Atlantic Records[82]
- Sir Michael Fallon, UK Member of Parliament[83]
- Jean Picker Firstenberg, former American Film Institute CEO[84]
- Hamilton Fish V, former publisher at The New Republic[85]
- Mark Garnier, UK Member of Parliament[62]
- The Gaslamp Killer, musician[86]
- Benjamin Genocchio, art critic[87]
- Alex Gilady, founder of Keshet Media Group[88]
- Patricia Glaser, lawyer[89]
- Gary Goddard, Founder and CEO of Goddard Group[90]
- Tyler Grasham, talent agent[91]
- Damian Green, UK First Secretary of State[92]
- Brad Grey, former Paramount Pictures executive[93][89]
- Jon Grissom, actor[94]
- David Guillod, former co-CEO of Primary Wave Entertainment[95]
- Michael Hafford, writer[96]
- Mark Halperin, author and journalist[97]
- Dustin Hoffman, actor[98][99]
- Jeff Hoover, Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives[100]
- Kelvin Hopkins, UK Member of Parliament[101]
- Jesse Jackson, Baptist minister[102]
- Francisco van Jole, journalist[103]
- Danny Jordaan, president of South African Football Association[104]
- Ethan Kath, musician[105]
- Daniel Kawczynski, UK Member of Parliament[106]
- R. Kelly, musician[107]
- Val Kilmer, actor[108]
- Robert Knepper, actor[109]
- Andrew Kramer, former Lionsgate executive[110]
- Andrew Kreisberg, television writer and producer, co-creator of Arrowverse[111]
- Sam Kriss, writer[112]
- Lasse Kronér, musician and television personality[113]
- Jesse Lacey, musician[114]
- Bruno Langley, actor[115]
- Jack Latvala, Florida State Senator[116]
- Clive Lewis, UK Member of Parliament[117]
- Dezso Magyar, filmmaker and college instructor[84]
- Tyler Malka, owner of NeoGAF[118]
- László Marton, theatre director[119]
- Mark McDonald, Member of Scottish Parliament[120]
- Matt Mondanile, musician[121]
- Eric Monier, former editorial director of France 2[122]
- Roy Moore, politician and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama.[123]
- Rupert Myers, writer[124]
- Lawrence "Larry" G. Nassar, former ostheopathic physician for USA Gymnastics[125]
- Jared O'Mara, UK Member of Parliament[126]
- Bill O'Reilly, author and political commentator[127]
- Michael Oreskes, former NPR executive[128]
- Christopher Pincher, UK Member of Parliament[129]
- Jeremy Piven, actor[130][131][132]
- Roman Polanski, filmmaker[133]
- Dan Poulter, UK Member of Parliament[134]
- Roy Price, former Amazon Studios executive[135]
- Ian Prior, digital editor for The Guardian[136]
- Dominic Raab, UK Member of Parliament[137]
- Tariq Ramadan, philosopher[138]
- Twiggy Ramirez, musician[139]
- Brett Ratner, filmmaker[140][141]
- Terry Richardson, photographer[142]
- George Riley, sports broadcaster[113]
- Gilbert Rozon, founder of Just for Laughs[143]
- Éric Salvail, television personality[113]
- Carl Sargeant, Member of the National Assembly for Wales[144]
- Chris Savino, animator and creator of The Loud House[145]
- Murray Schisgal, playwright and screenwriter[99]
- Robert Scoble, blogger[146]
- Dan Schoen, member of Minnesota House of Representatives[147]
- Steven Seagal, actor and martial artist[148]
- Garry Shandling, comedian[93][89]
- Robert Shapiro, lawyer[89]/>
- Charlie Sheen, actor[149]
- Andy Signore, co-creator of Screen Junkies[150]
- Ira Silverstein, member of the Illinois Senate[151]
- Russell Simmons, co-founder of Def Jam Records[152]
- John Singleton, filmmaker[102]
- Kevin Spacey, actor[153][154]
- Lockhart Steele, writer [155]
- Rory Stewart, UK Member of Parliament[137]
- Oliver Stone, filmmaker[156]
- George Takei, actor[157]
- Jeffrey Tambor, actor[158]
- Martin Timell, TV personality[159]
- James Toback, filmmaker[160]
- Fredrik Virtanen, journalist and columnist[161]
- Gijs van Dam, TV producer[162]
- Adam Venit, agent at William Morris Endeavor[163]
- Michel Venne, journalist[113]
- Tony Villani, former American Film Institute dean[84]
- The Walt Disney Company and Barbara Schneeweiss for Harvey Weinstein's behavior while Disney owned Miramax[164]
- Warner Bros., NZK Productions, and various producers of The Bachelorette (Bennett Graebner, Elan Gale, Peter Scalettar, Jacqueline Naz Perez, Caitlin Stapleton)[165]
- Kirt Webster, music publicist[166]
- Matthew Weiner, screenwriter and creator of Mad Men[167]
- Bob Weinstein, The Weinstein Company chairman[168]
- Marty Weiss, former talent manager[94]
- Jann Wenner, founder and publisher of Rolling Stone[169]
- Ed Westwick, actor[170][171]
- Leon Wieseltier, writer[172]
Criticism
The hashtag has been criticized for putting the responsibility of publicizing sexual harassment and abuse on those who experienced it, which could be re-traumatizing.[173][174][175][176] Some found the hashtag to inspire fatigue and outrage, rather than emotionally dense communication.[177][178] Burke had initially criticized the movement for ignoring the work of black women in creating dialogue addressing sexual assault. However, she did salute those who partook in the movement and credited Milano for acknowledging Burke's own similar movement.[8]
See also
- 2017 Westminster sexual scandals
- Girls for Gender Equity
- Hashtag activism
- Who Needs Feminism
- YesAllWomen
References
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- ^ a b c Schmidt, Samantha (October 16, 2017). "#MeToo: Harvey Weinstein case moves thousands to tell their own stories of abuse, break silence". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
- ^ Chuck, Elizabeth (October 16, 2017). "#MeToo: Alyssa Milano promotes hashtag that becomes anti-harassment rallying cry". NBC News. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
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- ^ a b CNN, Cassandra Santiago and Doug Criss. "An activist, a little girl and the heartbreaking origin of 'Me too'". CNN. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
{{cite news}}
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has generic name (help) - ^ a b c Ohlheiser, Abby (October 19, 2017). "The woman behind 'Me Too; knew the power of the phrase when she created it — 10 years ago". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ a b Hill, Zahara (October 16, 2017). "Black Woman Tarana Burke Founded the "Me Too" Movement". Ebony. ISSN 0012-9011. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
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{{cite news}}
:|last=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hempel, Jessi. "The Problem with #MeToo and Viral Outrage | Backchannel". Wired. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
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External links
- Me too Movement movement website