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The World Deaf Championships is an international sports competition for deaf athletes. The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) is the main governing body responsible for the organization of Deaflympics and other World Deaf Championships.

Summary

Number Event First Edition Last Edition
Main Sports
1 World Deaf Athletics Championship 2008 3rd (2016)
2 World Deaf Swimming Championship 1995 4th (2015)
3 World Deaf Cycling Championship 1968 13th (2011)
4 World Deaf Shooting Championship 2016 1st (2016)
Combat Sports
5 World Deaf Martial Arts Championship 1979 15th (2016)
6 World Deaf Wrestling Championship 2004 4th (2016)
Team Sports
7 World Deaf Basketball Championship 2002 4th (2015)
8 World Deaf Beach Volleyball Championship 2012 2nd (2016)
9 World Deaf Football Championships 2008 3rd (2016)
10 World Deaf Futsal Championships 1996 4th (2015)
11 World Deaf Handball Championship 2014 1st (2014)
12 World Deaf Volleyball Championship 2008 3rd (2016)
Winter Sports
13 World Deaf Alpine Skiing Championship 2013 1st (2013)
14 World Deaf Cross Country Skiing Championship 2013 1st (2013)
15 World Deaf Ice Hockey Championship 2009 3rd (2017)
16 World Deaf Curling Championship 2009 3rd (2017)
17 World Deaf Snowboard Championship 2013 1st (2013)
Other Sports
18 World Deaf Badminton Championship 2003 4th (2015)
19 World Deaf Bowling Championship 2003 3rd (2015)
20 World Deaf Golf Championship 1995 11th (2016)
21 World Deaf Orienteering Championship 2006 3rd (2015)
22 World Deaf Table Tennis Championship 2008 3rd (2016)
23 World Deaf Tennis Championship 1974 13th (2015)

Summer Sports

Athletics

World Deaf Athletics Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2008 1 Izmir  Turkey
2012 2 Toronto  Canada
2016 3 Stara Zagora  Bulgaria

World Deaf Indoor Athletics Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2019 1

Badminton

World Deaf Badminton Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2003 1 Sofia  Bulgaria
2007 2 Mülheim  Germany
2011 3 Bucheon  South Korea
2015 4 Sofia  Bulgaria

World Youth Deaf Badminton Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2015 1 Sofia  Bulgaria

Basketball

World Deaf Basketball Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2002 1 Athens  Greece
2007 2 Guangzhou  China
2011 3 Palermo  Italy
2015 4 Taoyuan  Chinese Taipei

DIBF U21 World Deaf Basketball Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2010 1 Lublin  Poland
2014 2 Samsun  Turkey
2018 3

Beach Volleyball

World Deaf Beach Volleyball Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2012 1 Alanya  Turkey
2016 2 Samsun  Turkey

Bowling

World Deaf Bowling Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2003 1 Taipei  Chinese Taipei
2011 2 Buenos Aires  Argentina
2015 3 Bologna  Italy

Cycling

World Deaf Cycling Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
1968 1 Genova  Italy
1971 2 Genova  Italy
1972 3 Eeklo  Belgium
1974 4 Villafranca  Italy
1975 5 Hulste  Belgium
1979 6 Caen  France
1980 7 Lauwe  Belgium
1982 8 Lyngby  Denmark
1983 9 Nimes  France
1987 10 Oudenaarde  Belgium
1995 11 Pont-à-Marcq  France
2006 12 San Francisco  USA
2011 13 Mont Tremblant  Canada

Futsal/Football

World Deaf Futsal Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
1996 1 Maastricht  Netherlands
2007 2 Sofia  Bulgaria
2011 3 Örebro  Sweden
2015 4 Bangkok  Thailand

World Deaf Football Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2008 1 Patras  Greece
2012 2 Brighton  England
2016 3 Salerno  Italy

Golf

World Deaf Golf Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
1995 1 Meriden  Great Britain
1998 2 Abbottstown  United States
2000 3 Sun City  South Africa
2002 4 Dublin  Ireland
2004 5 Stockholm  Sweden
2006 6 Edmonton  Canada
2008 7 Perth  Australia
2010 8 St Andrews  Great Britain
2012 9 Tsu, Mie  Japan
2014 10 Traverse City  USA
2016 11 Copenhagen  Denmark

Handball

World Deaf Handball Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2014 1 Samsun  Turkey
2018 2

Martial Arts

World Deaf Martial Arts Championships

  • Judo & Karate in all of Edition.
  • Taekwondo from 9th World championships (1997)
  • Wushu (Kung Fu) from 10th World championships (1999) but only exist in 1999, 2001 and 2004 then delete after 2004.
Year Edition Host City NOC
1979 1 Tokyo  Japan
1982 2 Dunkerque  France
1985 3 Mexico City  Mexico
1987 4 Rimini  Italy
1989 5 Tokyo  Japan
1991 6 Bordeaux  France
1993 7 Taipei  Chinese Taipei
1995 8 Miami  USA
1997 9 Trondheim  Norway
1999 10 Buenos Aires  Argentina
2001 11 Rome  Italy
2004 12 Moscow  Russia
2008 13 Toulouse  France
2012 14 Nueva Esparta  Venezuela
2016 15 Samsun  Turkey

Orienteering

World Deaf Orienteering Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2006 1 Veszprém  Hungary
2011 2 Cherkasy  Ukraine
2015 3 Rochester  USA

World Deaf Masters Orienteering Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2015 1 Rochester  USA

Shooting

World Deaf Shooting Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2016 1 Kazan  Russia

Swimming

World Deaf Swimming Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
1995 1 Brugge  Belgium
2007 2 Taipei  Chinese Taipei
2011 3 Coimbra  Portugal
2015 4 San Antonio  USA

Deaf International Short Course Swimming Championship

Year Edition Host City NOC
2014 1 Rochester  USA

Table Tennis

World Deaf Table Tennis Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2008 1 Sofia  Bulgaria
2012 2 Tokyo  Japan
2016 3 Samsun  Turkey

Tennis

World Deaf Tennis Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
1974 1 London/Sommacampagna  Great Britain/ Italy
1976 2 Rome/Brussels  Italy/ Belgium
1978 3 Paris  France
1980 4 New York  USA
1982 5 Palermo  Italy
1987 6 Pau  France
1991 7 Hatfield  Great Britain
1995 8 Bradenton  USA
1999 9 Loano  Italy
2003 10 Pörtschach  Austria
2007 11 München  Germany
2011 12 Izmir  Turkey
2015 13 Nottingham  Great Britain

Volleyball

World Deaf Volleyball Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2008 1 Buenos Aires  Argentina
2012 2 Sofia  Bulgaria
2016 3 Washington, D.C  USA

Wrestling

World Deaf Wrestling Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2004 1 Sofia  Bulgaria
2008 2 Yerevan  Armenia
2012 3 Sofia  Bulgaria
2016 4 Tehran  Iran

World Deaf Cadet and Junior Wrestling Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2014 1 Yerevan  Armenia
2016 2 Tehran  Iran

Winter Sports

Alpine Skiing

World Deaf Alpine Skiing Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2013 1 Nesselwang  Germany
2017 2

Cross Country Skiing

World Deaf Cross Country Skiing Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2013 1 Tyumen  Russia
2017 2

Ice Hockey and Curling

World Deaf Ice Hockey and Curling Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2009 1 Winnipeg  Canada
2013 2 Vantaa  Finland
2017 3 Buffalo, New York  USA

Snowboard

World Deaf Snowboard Championships

Year Edition Host City NOC
2013 1 Moscow  Russia
2017 2


See also

References


Deaflympics
Comité International des Sports des Sourds
Deaflympics Logo
MottoPER LUDOS AEQUALITAS (Equality through sport)
First event1924 in Paris, France – 1924 Summer Deaflympics[1]
Occur every4 years
Last event2017 in Samsun, Turkey – 2017 Summer Deaflympics
PurposeProvision of opportunities for deaf persons to participate in elite sports
Websitewww.deaflympics.com
www.ciss.org
Disability
Theory and models
Education
Therapy
Societal implications
Personal assistance
Socioeconomic assistance
  • Groups
  • Organizations
Parasports
Culture

The Deaflympics (previously called World Games for the Deaf, and International Games for the Deaf) are an International Olympic Committee (IOC)-sanctioned event at which deaf athletes compete at an elite level. Unlike the athletes in other IOC-sanctioned events (the Olympics, the Paralympics, and the Special Olympics), the Deaflympians cannot be guided by sounds (e.g., the starter's guns, bullhorn commands or referee whistles).[2] The games have been organized by the Comité International des Sports des Sourds (CISS, "The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf") since the first event.

History

The Deaflympics are held every four years, and are the longest running multi-sport event excluding the Olympics themselves.[3] The first games, held in Paris in 1924, were also the first ever international sporting event for athletes with a disability.[4] The event has been held every four years since, apart from a break for World War II, and an additional event, the Deaflympic Winter Games, was added in 1949.[5] The games began as a small gathering of 148 athletes from nine European nations competing in the International Silent Games in Paris, France, in 1924; now, they have grown into a global movement.[2]

Officially, the games were originally called the "International Games for the Deaf" from 1924 to 1965, but were sometimes also referred to as the "International Silent Games". From 1966 to 1999 they were called the "World Games for the Deaf", and occasionally referred to as the "World Silent Games". From 2001, the games have been known by their current name Deaflympics (often mistakenly called the Deaf Olympics).[5]

To qualify for the games, athletes must have a hearing loss of at least 55 db in their "better ear". Hearing aids, cochlear implants and the like are not allowed to be used in competition, to place all athletes on the same level.[5] Other examples of ways the games vary from hearing competitions are the manner in which they are officiated. To address the issue of Deaflympians not being able to be guided by sounds, certain sports use alternative methods of commencing the game. For example, the football referees wave a flag instead of blowing a whistle; on the track, races are started by using a light, instead of a starter pistol. It is also customary for spectators not to cheer or clap, but rather to wave – usually with both hands.

Host nations and cities

To date, the Summer Deaflympic Games have been hosted by 36 cities in 21 countries, but by cities outside Europe on only five occasions (Washington D.C. 1965, Los Angeles 1985, Christchurch 1989, Melbourne 2005 and Taipei 2009). The last summer games was held in Sofia, Bulgaria in 2013, and the next scheduled summer games will be in Samsun, Turkey in 2017. The last winter games were held in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russian Federation in 2015.

The 2011 Winter Games scheduled to be held in Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia were cancelled due to the lack of readiness by the organizing committee to host the games.[6][7] The International Committee of Deaf Sports filed a criminal complaint against the Slovak Deaflympics Organizing Committee and its President, Mr. Jaromír Ruda.[8] The criminal complaint demands reimbursement of the funds that were transferred to the Slovak Deaflympics Organizing Committee from national deaf sports federations, to cover hotel accommodations and other Deaflympics-related expenses.[8] According to the Slovak newspaper, SME, "Jaromír Ruda, head of the Slovak Organising Committee, [is] a champion of promises and someone who is accused of a 1.6 million Euro Deaflympics-related fraud".[9] In a letter to the United States Deaflympians, International Committee of Sports for the Deaf ICSD President Craig Crowley expressed "his deep apologies for the cancellation of the 17th Winter Deaflympics".[10] Currently, the Slovak Deaflympic Committee and the Slovakia Association of Deaf Sportsmen Unions have been suspended.[11] In 2013 the Special Criminal Court in Banská Bystrica sentenced Ruda to a prison term of 14 and a half years for defrauding €1.6 million that should have been used for Winter Deaflympics.[12]

The host cities and NOCs for all past and scheduled games are as follows:[4][13]

List of Summer Deaflympics Hosts

class=notpageimage|
Host cities of the Summer Deaflympics
Games Year Host Opened by Dates Nations Competitors Sports Events Top Nation
Total Men Women
1 1924 France Paris, France Gaston Doumergue 10–17 August 9 148 147 1 6 31  France
2 1928 Netherlands Amsterdam, Netherlands Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 18–26 August 10 212 198 14 5 38  Great Britain
3 1931 Germany Nuremberg, Germany 19–23 August 14 316 288 28 6 43  Germany
4 1935 United Kingdom London, Great Britain 17–24 August 12 221 178 43 5 41  Great Britain
5 1939 Sweden Stockholm, Sweden 24–27 August 13 250 208 42 6 43  Great Britain
6 1949 Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark 12–16 August 14 391 342 49 7 51  Great Britain
7 1953 Belgium Brussels, Belgium 15–19 August 16 473 432 41 7 57  Germany
8 1957 Italy Milan, Italy 25–30 August 25 635 565 70 9 69  Soviet Union
9 1961 Finland Helsinki, Finland 6–10 August 24 613 503 110 10 94  Soviet Union
10 1965 United States Washington DC, United States Lyndon B. Johnson 27 June - 3 July 27 687 575 112 9 85  Soviet Union
11 1969 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Belgrade, Yugoslavia 9–16 August 33 1189 964 225 12 105  Soviet Union
12 1973 Sweden Malmö, Sweden 21–28 August 31 1116 893 223 11 97  United States
13 1977 Romania Bucharest, Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu 17–27 July 32 1150 913 237 11 106  United States
14 1981 West Germany Köln, West Germany 23 July - 1 August 32 1198 893 305 11 110  United States
15 1985 United States Los Angeles, United States Ronald Reagan 10–20 August 29 995 745 250 11 96  United States
16 1989 New Zealand Christchurch, New Zealand David Cargill 7–17 January 30 955 726 229 12 120  United States
17 1993 Bulgaria Sofia, Bulgaria 24 July -2 August 52 1679 1295 384 12 126  United States
18 1997 Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark John M. Lovett 13–26 July 65 2028 1496 534 14 140  United States
19 2001 Italy Rome, Italy 22 July -1 August 67 2208 1562 646 14 143  United States
20 2005 Australia Melbourne, Australia Marigold Southey 5–16 January 63 2038 1402 636 14 147  Ukraine
21 2009 Taipei, Chinese Taipei Ma Ying-jeou 5–15 September 77 2493 1714 779 17 177  Russia
22 2013 Bulgaria Sofia, Bulgaria Rosen Plevneliev 26 July - 4 August 83 2711 1792 919 16 203  Russia
23 2017 Turkey Samsun, Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 18–30 July 97 2856 1897 959 18 219  Russia
24 2021

List of Winter Deaflympics Hosts

class=notpageimage|
Host cities of the Winter Deaflympics
Games Year Host Opened by Dates Nations Competitors Sports Events Top Nation
Total Men Women
1 1949 Austria Seefeld, Austria 26–30 February 5 33 33 0 2 5 Switzerland
2 1953 Norway Oslo, Norway 20–24 February 6 44 42 2 4 9  Norway
3 1955 Germany Oberammergau, Germany 10–13 February 8 59 54 5 4 11  Norway
4 1959 Montana-Vermala, Switzerland 27–31 January 14  Norway
5 1963 Sweden Åre, Sweden 12–16 March 13  Austria
6 1967 Germany Berchtesgaden, West Germany 20–25 February 11  Norway
7 1971 Adelboden, Switzerland 25–30 February 11 Switzerland
8 1975 United States Lake Placid, United States 2–8 February 12  Canada
9 1979 France Méribel, France 21–27 January 12  Soviet Union
10 1983 Italy Madonna di Campiglio, Italy 13–23 January 17  Soviet Union
11 1987 Norway Oslo, Norway 7–14 February 18  Norway
12 1991 Canada Banff, Canada 2–9 March 18  Soviet Union
13 1995 Finland Ylläs, Finland 14–19 March 15  Russia
14 1999 Davos, Switzerland 6-14 March 17  Russia
15 2003 Sweden Sundsvall, Sweden 26 February–9 March 23  Russia
16 2007 United States Salt Lake City, United States 1–10 February 26  Russia
17 2011 Slovakia Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia 16–28 February - - - - - - Cancelled
18 2015 Russia Khanty-Mansiysk and Magnitogorsk, Russia 28 March–5 April 31  Russia
19 2019 Italy Torino, Italy

All-time medal table

Summer Deaflympics

An all-time Summer Deaflympics from 1924 Summer Deaflympics to 2017 Summer Deaflympics, is tabulated below. The table is simply the consequence of the sum of the medal tables of the various editions of the Summer Deaflympics. [14]

1  United States 355 310 338 1003
2  Russia 240 151 220 662
3  Soviet Union 173 124 108 405
4  Germany 168 207 207 587
5  Ukraine 101 84 130 370
6  Iran 89 69 78 236
7  Italy 88 84 111 283
8  Great Britain 68 85 95 248
9  Japan 67 65 50 182
10  France 66 90 92 248
11  Sweden 64 80 60 204
12  South Korea 62 57 41 160
13  Hungary 51 44 38 133
14  Finland 47 51 47 145
15  Denmark 46 40 53 139
16  China 46 36 44 125
17  Australia 39 24 30 93
18  Belarus 37 40 26 103
19  Poland 36 54 72 162
20  South Africa 35 18 9 62
21  Turkey 34 36 60 130
22  Netherlands 32 35 28 95
23  Norway 32 28 25 85
24  Canada 31 40 37 108
25 Chinese Taipei 27 31 34 92
26  Yugoslavia 24 13 21 58
27  India 18 8 13 38
28  Ireland 16 15 11 42
29  Czech Republic 16 9 10 35
30  Bulgaria 15 42 49 106
31  Belgium 15 29 41 85
32  Kenya 14 13 15 42
33  Lithuania 13 17 27 57
34  Venezuela 12 10 15 37
35  Cuba 12 5 12 27
36  Estonia 11 8 13 32
37 Switzerland 9 16 16 41
38  East Germany 7 8 8 22
39  Romania 6 9 14 29
40  Greece 6 9 7 22
41  New Zealand 5 6 7 18
42  Portugal 5 4 4 13
43  Croatia 4 5 3 12
44  Czechoslovakia 3 7 9 19
45  Latvia 3 5 3 11
46  Slovakia 3 4 3 10
47  Kazakhstan 3 1 8 12
48  Puerto Rico 3 0 1 4
49  Austria 2 6 8 16
50  Thailand 2 1 0 3
51  Malaysia 1 7 3 11
52  Mongolia 1 6 13 20
53  Spain 1 3 6 10
54  Argentina 1 3 3 7
55  Mexico 1 2 3 6
56  Brazil 1 1 7 9
57  Macau 1 0 1 2
57  Singapore 1 0 1 2
59  Slovenia 0 2 1 3
59  Nigeria 0 2 1 3
61  Georgia 0 2 1 3
62  Armenia 0 1 5 6
63  Indonesia 0 1 3 4
64  Serbia 0 1 2 3
65  Moldova 0 1 1 2
66  Ecuador 0 1 0 1
67  Iceland 0 1 0 1
68  Kyrgyzstan 0 0 5 5
69  Israel 0 0 2 2
70  Cyprus 0 0 1 1
70  Colombia 0 0 1 1
70  Hong Kong 0 0 1 1
70  Egypt 0 0 1 1
70  Turkmenistan 0 0 1 1
70  Saudi Arabia 0 0 1 1
70  Uzbekistan 0 0 1 1

Winter Deaflympics

An all-time Winter Deaflympics from 1949 Winter Deaflympics to 2015 Winter Deaflympics, is tabulated below. The table is simply the consequence of the sum of the medal tables of the various editions of the Winter Deaflympics. [15]

1  Norway 48 36 40 124
2  Russia 35 22 28 85
3  Canada 27 9 11 47
4  Soviet Union 24 26 21 71
5 Switzerland 22 29 24 75
6  Finland 21 19 20 60
7  United States 20 41 40 101
8  Italy 18 11 12 40
9  Austria 17 24 20 61
10  Czech Republic 16 5 5 26
11  Germany 13 15 28 56
12  France 10 12 8 30
13  Japan 8 2 3 13
14  Australia 6 4 1 11
15  Sweden 2 15 10 27
16  Slovakia 2 5 7 14
17  Slovenia 2 2 3 7
18  Great Britain 2 2 2 6
19  China 1 1 3 5
20  Ukraine 0 10 6 16
21  Yugoslavia 0 1 1 2
22  Lithuania 0 1 0 1
23  Croatia 0 0 1 1
24  Turkey 0 0 1 1

Sports

Summer Deaflympics

The following sports have been contested in a Summer Deaflympic Games programme:

Sport (Discipline) Body 24 28 31 35 39 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 01 05 09 13
 
Current summer sports
 
Aquatics - Swimming 7 10 11 10 11 14 18 14 14 15 17 17 26 26 34 31 34 32 38 38 38 38
 
Athletics 17 20 23 23 23 24 26 32 32 33 34 34 35 30 32 36 40 40 43 42 43 44
Badminton 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5
Basketball DIBF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Bowling 10 10 10 10 8
 
Cycling - Mountain 2
Cycling - Road 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7
 
Football 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
 
Handball 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Judo 10 17
Karate 5 15
Orienteering 6 6 5 8 8
Shooting 1 1 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 8 7 7 6 6 10 11
Table Tennis 5 5 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Taekwondo 8 13
Tennis 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
 
Volleyball - Beach 2 2 2
Volleyball - Indoor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
Wrestling - Freestyle 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 7 7 7
Wrestling - Greco-Roman 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 7 7 7
 
Discontinued summer sports
 
Aquatics - Diving 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Aquatics - Water Polo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 
Gymnastics - Artistic 2 2 13 12 12
 
Demonstration summer sports
 
Gymnastics - Artistic •
Gymnastics - Rhythmic •
 
Total 31 38 43 45 47 51 57 69 94 85 105 97 106 110 96 120 126 140 143 147 177 203

These sports are organised by the CISS but haven't appeared in the Deaflympics:

  • Futsal
  • Golf

Winter Deaflympics

The following sports have been contested in a Winter Deaflympic Games programme:

Sport (Discipline) Body 49 53 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 03 07 15
 
Current winter sports
 
Curling 2 2
Ice hockey 1 1 1 1 1 1
 
Skiing - Alpine 3 4 6 10 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 10 10
Skiing - Freestyle - Snowboard 6 5 10
Skiing - Nordic - Cross-Country 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 9 8
 
Discontinued winter sports
 
Skiing - Nordic - Nordic Combined 1 1
Skiing - Nordic - Ski jumping 1 1 1
 
Speed skating 3 4 5
 
Demonstration winter sports
 
Curling •
Ice hockey AHIHA •
 
Skiing - Freestyle - Snowboard •
 
Speed skating •
 
Total 5 9 11 14 13 11 11 12 12 17 18 18 15 17 23 27 31

See also

References

  1. ^ "Constitution". International Committee of Sports for the Deaf. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – News. Deaflympics.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  3. ^ What are the Deaflympics?. Disabled World. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  4. ^ a b Future Directions of the Deaflympics. Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  5. ^ a b c Historical overview of the Paralympics, Special Olympics, and Deaflympics. Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  6. ^ Winter Olympics: 2011 Winter Deaflympics Cancelled. Healthyhearing.com (17 February 2011). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  7. ^ International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – PressRelease. Deaflympics.com (13 February 2011). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  8. ^ a b ICSD Pursuing Legal Action Following Failure of 17th Winter Deaflympics. Deaf Sports Mag. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  9. ^ Slovakia: Deaflympics 2011 Controversy · Global Voices. Globalvoices.org. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  10. ^ 2011 US Deaflympics – Article | Letter from ICSD to USA athletes Archived 9 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Usdeaflympics.org (17 February 2011). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  11. ^ International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – PressRelease. Deaflympics.com (14 February 2011). Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  12. ^ Deaflympics Committee Head Sentenced to Thirteen Years – English News. Webnoviny.sk. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  13. ^ International Committee of Sports for the Deaf – Games. Deaflympics.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
  14. ^ "Deaflympics". deaflympics.com. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  15. ^ "Deaflympics". deaflympics.com. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
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