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Migration from Latin America to Europe

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Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dating back to the early 19th century. Latin Americans in Europe are now a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. A large majority of these are residents in Spain or have been naturalized as Spanish citizens.

Spain

Spain is the second destination of choice after the United States for Latin American migrants and the vast majority of Latin Americans in Europe are residents or nationals of this country.[1][2] By 2008, Latin Americans in Spain numbered 1.8 million people[3] and by 2014, CEPAL estimated the total number of Latin Americans in Spain at around 2.4 million.[4] Similar figures are provided by the Spanish National Statistic Institute (INE) for 2015, counting 2,374,953 Spanish residents born in the Americas. 2015 is also the first year in which a majority (1,229,470) of Latin American-born residents in the country are Spanish citizens. It is important to highlight that, over the past decades, Spain has been the country in Europe which has naturalized the highest number of Non-Europeans in the entire European Union (23% of the total),[5] and that its legislation is particularly favorable to Hispanic countries.

Following the "Law of historic memory" Latin Americans with a Spanish parent or grandparent (and their descendants) have automatic right to Spanish citizenship, even without residing in the country. This potentially applies to millions of Latin Americans.[citation needed] In addition, all Latin Americans from Spanish speaking countries qualify for Spanish citizens after two years' residence, regardless of recent ancestry.[citation needed] This compares very favorably to the requirement of ten years' residence for immigrants from other countries.[citation needed]

As a result a significant and ever growing portion of Latin American immigrants have acquired Spanish citizenship due to naturalization laws and the falling number of Latin Americans residing in Spain is primarily due to them acquiring Spanish nationality and no longer being classed as immigrants. In the period between 2011 and 2013, over one million immigrants acquired Spanish citizenship and over 75% of these were Latin American.[6] As an example, by 2014 the majority of Spain's 408,944 Ecuatorian-born residents had already acquired Spanish citizenship and were no longer included national statistics tracking immigration.[7] As a result, Latin Americans with Spanish citizenship living in other European countries such as the UK, France or Germany benefiting from European freedom of movement and establishment for all EU citizens will be categorized as Spaniards when using nationality as a criterion to determine the country of origin (rather than country of birth) of a particular EU country's immigrant population.[8][9] Despite Spain's prolonged 2008-2015 economic crisis during which the country suffered years of massive unemployment and went from having the second highest immigration rate in the world to becoming a net-emigrant country, less than 30% of Spain's Latin American immigrants have left the country during this period.[10] As a result of the combined effect of nationalization and net emigration during the economic crisis, the Latin American resident population yet to acquire Spanish nationality fell steadily to around 900,000 in 2015.[11]

After several years of decline since a peak in 2010, the population of Spain born in Latin American has grown again since 2016. In 2018, 2,566,683 Spanish residents had been born in Latin America, compared to 2,340,247 in 2016 and 2,459,098 in 2010.[disputed – discuss] As of 2018, 54% (1,384,999) of Latin American-born Spanish residents hold Spanish citizenship.[12] No figures are collected for Spanish born citizens of Latin American descent.[citation needed]

Germany

Main article: Immigration to Germany
Country of birth Population (2015)[13] Corresponding article
 Brazil 38,650 Brazilians in Germany
 Mexico 14,204 Mexicans in Germany
 Colombia 13,992
 Peru 9,179
 Cuba 8,493
 Chile 6,976
 Dominican Republic 6,426
 Ecuador 4,993
 Argentina 4,791
 Venezuela 4,527
 Bolivia 1,818
 Paraguay 1,320

France

The most numerous are the Brazilians 44,622,[14] followed by Colombians 40,000 and Venezuelans 30,000,[15] Peruvians 22,002[16] Argentinians 11,899[17] and Chileans 15,782.[18]

United Kingdom

Main article: Latin American migration to the United Kingdom

According to the 2001 UK Census, 62,735 Latin Americans in the United Kingdom were born in their respective nations of origin.[19] There were also a further 1,338 people who stated their birthplace as 'South or Central America' (note this would also include Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, which are not part of Latin America.).[19] In 2009, the Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of Brazilian-born people in the UK alone had risen to around 60,000 and the number of Colombian-born to around 22,000. Estimates for other Latin American countries were not made because the sample size did not allow for estimation of the size of smaller groups with sufficient degree of accuracy.[20]

Latin American-born people in the United Kingdom in 2001
Country of birth Population (2011 census)[21][22][23] Corresponding article
 Brazil 52,148 Brazilians in the United Kingdom
 Colombia[24] 25,761 Colombians in the United Kingdom
 Argentina 10,550
 Mexico 9,771 Mexicans in the United Kingdom
 Venezuela 9,150
 Ecuador 8,767 Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom
 Peru 7,246 Peruvians in the United Kingdom
 Chile 7,130 Chileans in the United Kingdom
 Bolivia 3,765 Bolivians in the United Kingdom
 Cuba 2,481
 Dominican Republic 1,377
 Uruguay 1,364

Norway

From 1977 to 2012, the number of non-Norwegian citizens living in Norway of European descent has increased from around 46,000 to around 280,000. In the same period the number of citizens of nations on other continents increased from about 25,000 to about 127,000, of which 112,230 belong to Asia, Africa and South America.[25]

Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of origin

Rank Country of origin[26] Population (2001)[27] Population (2014)[28]
1.  Chile 6,491 7,904
2.  Brazil 824 4,017
3.  Colombia 604 3,841
4.  Peru 492 1,295
5.  Cuba 286 959
6.  Argentina 378 890
7.  Dominican Republic 276 844
8.  Ecuador 174 492
9.  Bolivia 134 308
10.  Trinidad and Tobago 204 269
11.  Congo, Republic of 60 251
12.  El Salvador 134 235
13.  Uruguay 167 234
14.  Guatemala 81 191
15.  Jamaica 73 160
16.  Nicaragua 78 159
17.  Costa Rica 52 133
18.  Honduras 64 117

Portugal

Main article: Demographics of Portugal

In 2008, Portugal's foreign population grew 1% from 435,736 in 2007 to 440,277. One in four immigrants is Brazilian,[29] and Portugal was home for an increasing amount of Venezuelans. There are also other communities from Latin American, including Colombians or Argentinians, the latter can have Portuguese ancestry due to the historical ties between both nations.[30]

Switzerland

In 2013 there were a total of 1,937,447 permanent residents (23.8% of the total population of 8.14 million) in Switzerland. Of these, 51,761 were from Latin America and the Caribbean.[31]

Italy

Rank Country of origin Population (2017)[32]
1.  Peru 99,110
2.  Ecuador 83,120
3.  Brazil 45,410
4.  Dominican Republic 28,002
5.  Cuba 20,986
6.  Colombia 17,968
7.  Bolivia 14,076
8.  El Salvador 13,492
9.  Argentina 8,009
10.  Venezuela 6,327
11.  Mexico 4,211
12.  Chile 3,167
13.  Honduras 2,015
14.  Paraguay 1,781
15.  Uruguay 1,248

References

  1. ^ http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37218/S1420586_es.pdf?sequence=1
  2. ^ "La Cepal cifra en 28,5 millones el número de emigrantes latinoamericanos - La Celosía". Lacelosia.com. 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  3. ^ http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/392616/0/inmigrantes/latinoamericanos/espana/
  4. ^ "La Cepal cifra en 28,5 millones el número de emigrantes latinoamericanos - La Celosía". Lacelosia.com. 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  5. ^ http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/06/13/actualidad/1465817117_303503.html
  6. ^ "Inicio - Elcano" (in Spanish). Realinstitutoelcano.org. 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  7. ^ "El número de ecuatorianos en España baja un 8,83% debido a las nacionalizaciones | Internacional | Noticias" (in Spanish). El Universo. 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  8. ^ Rainer Münz (2006-06-01). "Europe: Population and Migration in 2005". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  9. ^ "Population data - Eurostat". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  10. ^ "Informe OCDE: El 30% de los inmigrantes latinoamericanos se fueron de España durante la crisis". Elconfidencial.com. 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  11. ^ "La población latinoamericana en España se reduce en 151.010 personas". Ociolatino.com. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  12. ^ "Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  13. ^ "Pressemitteilungen - Ausländische Bevölkerung - Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)" (in German). Destatis.de. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  14. ^ "NÚMERO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE BRASILEIROS NO MUNDO" (PDF). brasileirosnomundo.itamaraty.gov.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  15. ^ "Venezolanos en el exterior". Últimas Noticias. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "PERÚ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática". inei.gob.pe.
  17. ^ "Perfil Migratorio de Argentina 2012" (PDF). iom.int (in Spanish). Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM). Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  18. ^ "CHILENOS EN EL EXTERIOR" (PDF). aerchipro.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  19. ^ a b "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
  21. ^ "Table QS213EW: 2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  22. ^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  23. ^ "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ http://unitedkingdom.iom.int/sites/default/files/doc/mapping/IOM_COLOMBIA.pdf
  25. ^ "Tabell:05196: Folkemengde, etter kjønn, alder og statsborgerskap" [Table:05196: Population by gender, age and citizenship] (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  26. ^ Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents
  27. ^ "Innvandrarbefolkninga og personar med annan innvandringsbakgrunn, etter innvandringskategori, kjønn og landbakgrunn. 1. januar 2001". Statistics Norway (in Norwegian).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference ssb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Um em cada quatro imigrantes é de nacionalidade brasileira Archived 2009-07-16 at the Wayback Machine – Diário de Notícias
  30. ^ Argentina e Portugal, uma longa amizade – Diário de Notícias
  31. ^ Bevölkerung – Die wichtigsten Zahlen Swiss Federal Statistical Office, accessed 6 October 2014
  32. ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". demo.istat.it. Retrieved 2019-02-12.

See also

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