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Helen Spurway

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Helen Spurway (married name Haldane) (12 June 1915 – 15 February 1978)[1][2] was a British biologist and the second wife of J. B. S. Haldane. She emigrated to India in 1957 along with Haldane and conducted research in field biology along with Krishna Dronamraju, Suresh Jayakar, and others.

Spurway was born in Wandsworth, London.[citation needed] Unlike her future husband, she was of proletarian origin, her parents having met in Wigan not too far from Orwell's "pier".[citation needed] She obtained her Ph.D. in genetics at University College London under the supervision of Haldane, whom she met as an undergraduate and married in 1945.[3] Her early research was in the genetics of Drosophila subobscura, but later switched to the reproductive biology of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Her claim, in 1955, that parthenogenesis, which occurs in the guppy in nature, may also occur (though very rarely) in the human species, leading to so-called "virgin births" created some sensation among her colleagues and the lay public alike.[4]

She and Haldane left University College London in 1956, and went to work at the Indian Statistical Institute. Haldane officially stated that he left the UK because of the Suez Crisis, writing: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law." He believed that the warm climate would do him good, and that India shared his socialist dreams. Additionally, Helen had been arrested for being drunk and disorderly, and for refusing to pay a fine was sent to prison; the university sacked her, triggering Haldane's resignation.[5]

At the Indian Statistical Institute, she turned her attention in 1959 to the genetics of the giant silkworm Antheraea mylitta, raising them in captivity to test the quality of their silk. In January 1961 she and Haldane, assisted by their associate Krishna Dronamraju, were hosts to United States National Science Fair biology winners Gary Botting (zoology) and Susan Brown (botany). Using a novel technique of pheromone transfer, Botting had cross-bred an Antheraea mylitta female with a Telea polyphemus male, with viable offspring. Botting and Spurway concluded that the Polyphemus moth was misclassified and should be included under the genus Antheraea.

At the time, the larvae of her mylitta specimens were developing black dots, which she attributed to adaptation to their artificial, dark environment in a similar way that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) had apparently adapted to its changing urban environment in Manchester, England. That "urban adaptation" scenario had been touted by many textbooks as clear evidence of evolution in action. Haldane had himself made statistical calculations as early as 1924 about the appearance of light and melanic populations of the peppered moth, then known as Amphidasys betularia.[6] Decades later, E.B. Ford and Bernard Kettlewell (with whom Helen Spurway was known to have "broken bread" in Oxford by eating a live moth or two)[7] attempted to capitalize on the supposed evolutionary adaptation of the peppered moth. Kettlewell apparently fudged his data to obtain results that approximated Haldane's 1924 statistical calculations.[8][9] Gary Botting already regarded the case of the peppered moth as tantamount to belief in Lamarckian evolution. He diagnosed the black spots on Spurway's larvae as pebrine, a disease deadly to Lepidoptera.

Gary Botting initially concluded from Spurway's observations about the black dots on her larvae, and from other similar statements, that she and Haldane were "committed Lamarckian evolutionists" who were prepared to believe, without sufficient evidence, in the possibility of rapid evolutionary adaptation.[10][11][12] However, Botting later praised Spurway for her experiments with Antheraea mylitta and Antheraea assamensis (which she had tried to hybridize) and credited the Haldanes with encouraging him to accept the precepts of Darwinian evolution.[13]

Helen Spurway, Haldane, and Krishna Dronamraju were present at the Oberoi Grand Hotel in Kolkata when 1960 U.S. National Science Fair winner Susan Brown reminded the Haldanes that she and Botting had a previously scheduled event that would prevent them from accepting an invitation to a banquet proposed by Haldane and Helen in their honour and scheduled for that evening. After the two students had left the hotel, Haldane went on his much-publicized hunger strike to protest what he regarded as a "U.S. insult."[14]

The following month (February 1961), the Haldanes, who were also irritated by the abrupt changes made by Director Mahalanobis in the social programme of the visiting Soviet leader Kosygin, resigned from the Indian Statistical Institute. Eventually, they moved to Bhubaneswar, Orissa, to found the Genetics & Biometry Laboratory. However, Haldane soon developed cancer of the rectum and died there in 1964.

Helen Spurway's lifelong research interests also included animal behavior and domestication, which led to her close contacts with several eminent zoologists including Konrad Lorenz, Salim Ali, T. Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr.

After her husband's death in 1964, in Bhubaneswar, Spurway moved to Hyderabad in Southern India and spent her remaining years there studying animal domestication, until her death in 1978.[15]

Publications

A partial list:

  • Spurway, Helen. 1955. The Causes of Domestication: An attempt to integrate some ideas of Konrad Lorenz with evolution theory. Journal of Genetics 53:325-362.
  • Spurway, Helen, and J. B. S. Haldane. 1953. The comparative ethology of vertebrate breathing. I. Breathing in newts, with a general survey. Behaviour 6:8-34
  • Spurway, Helen, and K.R. Dronamraju. 1959. The biology of the two commercial qualities cocoons spun by Antheraea mylitta (Drury) with a note on the cocoons of the related A. assama (westwood). Genetica Agraria 45: 175.
  • Dronamraju, K.R. and H. Spurway. 1960. Constancy to horticultural varieties shown by butterflies, and its possible evolutionary significance. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 57:136-150.
  • Spurway Helen, S.D. Jayakar, and K.R. Dronamraju 1964. One nest of Sceliphron madraspatanum (Fabr.).(Sphecidae: Hynemoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 61: 1-42.
  • Jayakar S. D. and Spurway H. 1966 Sex ratios of some mason wasps. Nature (London) 212:306-307
  • Dronamraju, K.R. 1985. Haldane: The Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane with special reference to India. Aberdeen University Press.

References

  1. ^ [National Archives 1939 register. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173075977/ The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 19, 1978. p. 119]
  2. ^ Dronamraju, Krishna (2016). Popularizing Science: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780199333936. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  3. ^ "Obituary: Professor J. B. S. Haldane". The Times. The Times Digital Archive. 2 December 1964. p. 13.
  4. ^ [(TIME magazine, November 28, 1955; Editorial in The Lancet, 2: 967 (1955)]
  5. ^ deJong-Lambert, William (2012). The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research: An Introduction to the Lysenko Affair (2012. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 150. ISBN 978-94-007-2839-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017.
  6. ^ Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men: Intrigue, Tragedy and the Peppered Moth (London: Fourth Estate, 2003) pp. 47-48
  7. ^ Hooper (2003), p. 172
  8. ^ Hooper, pp. 47-48, 172, 298
  9. ^ Laurence M. Cook and John R.G. Turner, "Fifty percent and all that: what Haldane actually said," Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/issue/129/3 2020, 129, 765–771.
  10. ^ Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction," Streaking! The Collected Poems of Gary Botting (Miami: Strategic Books, 2013), pp. xx-xxii
  11. ^ Gary Botting, "Preface," The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), p. xiv
  12. ^ Hooper, pp. 19, 286-293.
  13. ^ Tihemme Gagnon (2013), p. xx; Gary Botting (1984),p.xiv.
  14. ^ "Haldane on Fast: Insult by USIS Alleged," Times of India, 19 January 1961; "Protest Fast by Haldane: USIS's "Anti-Indian Activities," Times of India, 18 January 1961; "Situation was Misunderstood, Scholars Explain," Times of India, 20 January 1961; "USIS Explanation does not satisfy Haldane: Protest fast continues," Times of India, 18 January 1961; "USIS Claim Rejected by Haldane: Protest Fast to Continue," Times of India, 18 January 1961; "Haldane Not Satisfied with USIS Apology: Fast to Continue," Free Press Journal, 18 January 1961; "Haldane Goes on Fast In Protest Against U.S. Attitude," Times of India, 18 January 1961; "Haldane to continue fast: USIS explanation unsatisfactory," Times of India, 19 January 1961; "Local boy in hunger strike row," Toronto Star, 20 January 1961; "Haldane, Still on Fast, Loses Weight: U.S.I.S. Act Termed 'Discourteous'," Indian Express, 20 January 1961; "Haldane Slightly Tired on Third Day of Fast," Times of India, 21 January 1961; "Haldane Fasts for Fourth Consecutive Day," Globe and Mail, 22 January 1961
  15. ^ Krishna R. Dronamraju (1987). "On Some Aspects of the Life and Work of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, F.R.S., in India". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 41 (2): 211–237. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1987.0006. PMID 11622022.
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