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Crime science

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Crime science is the study of crime in order to find ways to prevent it. Three features distinguish crime science from criminology: it is single-minded about cutting crime, rather than studying it for its own sake; accordingly it focuses on crime rather than criminals; and it is multidisciplinary, notably recruiting scientific methodology rather than relying on social theory.

Definition

Crime science involves the application of scientific methodologies to prevent or reduce social disorder and find better ways to prevent, detect, and solve crimes.[1][2] Crime science studies crime related events and how those events arise, or can be prevented, by attempting to understand the environment within which criminal offending behaviour occurs and what affects an offender's choices to offend on a particular occasion, rather than explaining why offenders offend.[2] It is a empirical approach often involving observational studies or quasi-experiments, as well as using randomised controlled trials, that seek to identify patterns of offending behaviour and factors that influence criminal offending behaviour and crime.[2] The multi-disciplinary approach that involves practitioners from many fields including Policing, Geography, Urban Development, Mathematics, Statistics, Industrial Design, Construction Engineering, Physical Sciences, Medical Sciences, Economics, Computer Science, Psychology, Sociology, Criminology, Forensics, Law, and Public Management.[2]

History

Crime science in the United Kingdom was conceived by the British broadcaster Nick Ross in the late 1990s (with encouragement from the then Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Sir John Stevens and Professor Ken Pease) out of concern that traditional criminology and orthodox political discourse were doing little to influence the ebb and flow of crime (e.g. Ross: Police Foundation Lecture, London, 11 July 2000 (jointly with Sir John Stevens); Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, 22 March 2001; Barlow Lecture, UCL, 6 April 2005).[citation needed] Ross described crime science as, "examining the chain of events that leads to crime in order to cut the weakest link" (Royal Institution Lecture 9 May 2002).[citation needed]

Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science

The first incarnation of crime science was the founding, also by Ross, of the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science (JDI) at University College London in 2001.[citation needed] In order to reflect its broad disciplinary base, and its departure from the sociological (and often politicised) brand of criminology, the Institute is established in the Engineering Sciences Faculty, with growing ties to the physical sciences such as physics and chemistry but also drawing on the fields of statistics, environmental design, psychology, forensics, policing, economics and geography.[citation needed]

The JDI grew rapidly and spawned a new Department of Security and Crime Science, which itself developed into one of the largest departments of its type in the world. It has established itself as a world-leader in crime mapping and for training crime analysts (civilian crime profilers who work for the police) and its Centre for the Forensic Sciences has been influential in debunking bad science in criminal detection.[citation needed] It established the world's first secure data lab for security and crime pattern analysis and appointed the world's first Professor of Future Crime whose role is to horizon-scan to foresee and forestall tomorrow's crime challenges. The JDI also developed a Security Science Doctoral Research Training Centre (UCL SECReT), which was Europe’s largest centre for doctoral training in security and crime science.[citation needed]

Design Against Crime Research Centre

Another branch of crime science has grown from its combination with design science.[citation needed] At the Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design a research centre was founded with the focus of studying how design could be used as a tool against crime - the Design against Crime Research Centre.[incomplete short citation] A number of practical theft-aware design practices have emerged there.[citation needed] Examples are chairs with a hanger that allows people to keep their bags within their reach for the whole time, or foldable bicycles that can serve as their own safety lock by wrapping around static poles in the environment.

International Crime Science Network

An international Crime Science Network was formed in 2003, with support from the EPSRC.[citation needed] Since then the term crime science has been variously interpreted, sometimes with a different emphasis from Ross's original description published in 1999, and often favouring situational crime prevention (redesigning products, services and policies to remove opportunities, temptations and provocations and make detection more certain) rather than other forms of intervention.[citation needed] However a common feature is a focus on delivering immediate reductions in crime.[citation needed]

New crime science departments have been established at Waikato, Cincinnati, Philadelphia and elsewhere.[citation needed]

Growth of the Crime Science Field

The concept of crime science appears to be taking root more broadly with:

  • The establishment of crime science departments at the University of Waikato in New Zealand,[citation needed] Cincinnati[incomplete short citation] and Philadelphia[incomplete short citation] in the US, and elsewhere.
  • Crime Science courses at several institutions including Northumbria University in the UK and at the University of Twente in the Netherlands.[citation needed]
  • A Crime Science Unit at DSTL, the research division of the UK Ministry of Defence.[citation needed]
  • The term crime science increasingly being adopted by situational and experimental criminologists in the US and Australia.[citation needed]
  • An annual Crime Science Network gathering in London which draws police and academics from across the world.[citation needed]
  • A Springer Open Access Interdisciplinary journal devoted to Crime Science [1]. Crime science increasingly being cited in criminology text books and journals papers (sometimes claimed as a new branch of criminology, and sometimes reviled as anti-criminology).[citation needed]
  • A move in traditional criminology towards the aims originally set out by Ross in his concern for a more evidence-based, scientific approach to crime reduction.[citation needed]
  • Crime science featuring in several learned journals in other disciplines (such as a special issue of the European Journal of Applied Mathematics devoted to "crime modelling") [2].

See also

References

  1. ^ Junger, Marianne; Laycock, Gloria; Hartel, Pieter; Ratcliffe, Jerry (11 June 2012). "Crime science: editorial statement". Crime Science. 1 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/2193-7680-1-1. ISSN 2193-7680. Retrieved 21 January 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ a b c d Hartel, Pieter H.; Junger, Marianne; Wieringa, Roelf J. (October 2010). "Cyber-crime Science = Crime Science + Information Security". CTIT Technical Report Series (No. 10-34). Enschede.: Centre for Telematics and Information Technology (CTIT). ISSN 1381-3625. Retrieved 21 January 2021. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)

Bibliography

  • [Jun12] M. Junger, G. Laycock, P. H. Hartel, and J. Ratcliffe. Crime science: editorial statement. Crime Science, 1:1.1-1.3, Jun 2012.[not specific enough to verify] [3].
  • [Har10] P. H. Hartel, M. Junger, and R. J. Wieringa. Cyber-crime Science = Crime Science + Information Security. Technical Report TR-CTIT-10-34, CTIT, University of Twente, Oct 2010.[not specific enough to verify] [4].{
  • [Pea10] K. Pease. Crime Science. In S. G. Shoham, P. Knepper, and M. Kett, editors, International Handbook of Criminology, pages 3–23. CRC Press, Feb 2010.[not specific enough to verify] [5].
  • [Cla09] R. V. Clarke. Crime science. In E. McLaughlin and T. Newburn, editors, Handbook of Criminal Theory, page in press. Sage, London, 2009.[not specific enough to verify]
  • [Gue09] R. T. Guerette and K. J. Bowers. Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: a review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology, 47(4):1331-1368, Nov 2009.[not specific enough to verify] [6].
  • [Wil09] R. Willison and M. Siponen. Overcoming the insider: reducing employee computer crime through Situational Crime Prevention. Commun. ACM, 52(9):133-137, Sep 2009.[not specific enough to verify] [7].
  • [Cox08] K. Cox. The application of Crime Science to the prevention of medication errors. British Journal of Nursing, 17(14):924-927, Jul 2008.[not specific enough to verify] [8].
  • [Til07] N. Tilley and G. Laycock. From Crime Prevention to Crime Science. In G. Farrell, K. J. Bowers, S. D. Johnson, and M. Townsley, editors, Imagination for Crime Prevention: Essays in Honour of Ken Pease, volume 21, pages 19–39. Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, New York, 2007.[not specific enough to verify]
  • [Lay05] G. Laycock. Defining Crime Science. In M. J. Smith and N. Tilley, editors, Crime science: new approaches to preventing and detecting crime, pages 3–24. Willan Publishing, Uffculme, UK, 2005.[not specific enough to verify]
  • [Cla97a] R. V. Clarke (ed.) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, Harrow and Heston, 1997.[not specific enough to verify] [9].
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