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2021 Myanmar coup d'état

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2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Part of the internal conflict and political crisis in Myanmar

Deposed State Counsellor of Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi (left), and coup leader Min Aung Hlaing (right)
Date1 February 2021
Location
Myanmar
Result

Military coup d'état successful

Belligerents
Government of Myanmar Tatmadaw
Commanders and leaders
Aung San Suu Kyi
(State Counsellor of Myanmar)
Win Myint
(President of Myanmar)		 Min Aung Hlaing
(Commander-in-Chief of the Tatmadaw)
Myint Swe
(Vice-President of Myanmar)
Casualties and losses
None reported

The 2021 Myanmar coup d'état began on the morning of 1 February when democratically elected members of Myanmar's ruling party, the National League for Democracy, were deposed by the Tatmadaw—Myanmar's military—which vested power in a stratocracy. The Tatmadaw declared a year-long state of emergency and declared power had been vested in Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing. The coup d'état occurred the day before the Parliament of Myanmar was due to swear in the members elected at the November 2020 general election, preventing this from occurring.[2][3][4] President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, along with ministers and their deputies and members of Parliament.[5][6] Shortly after the coup, the military formally justified its detention of Aung San Suu Kyi by officially charging her for the possession of illegally imported walkie talkies.[7][8]

Background

The NLD won a landslide victory in the 2020 Myanmar general election.

Myanmar (formerly Burma) has been beset with political instability since it declared independence from Britain in 1948. Between 1958 and 1960, the military formed a temporary caretaker government at the behest of U Nu, the country's democratically-elected prime minister, to resolve political infighting.[9] The military voluntarily restored civilian government after holding the 1960 Burmese general election.[10] Less than two years later, the military seized power in the 1962 coup, and, under the leadership of Ne Win, precipitated 26 years of military rule.[11]

In 1988, nationwide protests broke out in the country. Dubbed the 8888 Uprising, the civil unrest was sparked by economic mismanagement, leading Ne Win to step down.[12] In September 1988, the military's top leaders formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), which seized power.[12] Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of the country's modern founder Aung San, became a notable pro-democracy activist during this period. In 1990, free elections were allowed by the military, under the assumption the military enjoyed popular support. Ultimately, the elections resulted in a landslide victory for Suu Kyi's party, the National League for Democracy. However, the military refused to cede power and placed her under house arrest.[13][14][15]

The military remained in power for another 22 years until 2011,[16] following the military's Roadmap to democracy, during which the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar was drafted. Between 2011 and 2015, a tentative democratic transition began, and elections held in 2015 resulted in a victory for Suu Kyi's party, the National League for Democracy. However, the military retained substantial power, including the right to appoint 1⁄4 of parliament members.[5][17]

The 2021 coup came in the aftermath of the general election on 8 November 2020, in which the National League for Democracy won 396 out of 476 seats in parliament, an even larger margin of victory than in the 2015 election. The military's proxy party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party, won only 33 seats.[5]

The army disputed the results, claiming that the vote was fraudulent. The coup attempt had been rumoured for several days, prompting statements of concern from Western powers such as the United Kingdom, France, the United States,[5] and Australia.[18]

Events

NLD spokesman Myo Nyunt said that Suu Kyi, Win Myint, Han Tha Myint, and other party leaders had been "taken" in an early morning raid. Nyunt added that he expected to be also detained shortly.[19] Numerous communications channels stopped working – phone lines to the capital, Naypyidaw, were interrupted, state-run MRTV said it was unable to broadcast due to "technical issues",[19] and widespread Internet disruptions were reported beginning around 3 a.m.[20] All the member banks under the Myanmar Banking Association suspended their financial services.[21]

Soldiers were seen in Naypyidaw and the largest city, Yangon.[22] The military subsequently announced on military-controlled Myawaddy TV that it had taken control of the country for one year.[23] A statement signed by acting president Myint Swe declared that responsibility for "legislation, administration and judiciary" had been transferred to Min Aung Hlaing.[24] The National Defence and Security Council – chaired by acting president Myint Swe and attended by top military officers – was convened, following which a statement was issued by the military declaring that fresh elections would be held, and that power would only be transferred after they had concluded.[25] The military also announced the removal of 24 ministers and deputies, for whom 11 replacements were named.[1]

A military blockade of the road leading to the Mandalay Region Government Office.
File:Thunder armoured vehicle of Myanmar Army.jpg
Licence-built Thunder armoured personnel carrier of Myanmar Army patroling after the coup.

On 2 February 2021, Min Aung Hlaing established the State Administrative Council, comprised of 11 members, as the executive governing body.[26][27] On 3 February 2021, Myanmar police filed criminal charges against Aung San Suu Kyi, accusing her of of illegally importing communications equipment, after a raid on her home in the capital.[28][29][30]

Motives

The military's motives for the coup remain unclear. Ostensibly, the military had posited that alleged voter fraud threatened national sovereignty.[31] A few days before the coup, the civilian-appointed Union Election Commission had categorically rejected the military's claims of voter fraud, citing the lack of evidence to support the military's claims of 8.6 million irregularities in voter lists across Myanmar's 314 townships.[32] Many believes that it has similarities to Donald Trump coup attempt due to baseless claims regarding 2020 United States presidential election, which also held at the same month as Myanmar and led to Storming of the United States Capitol on 6 January 2021.

The coup may have been driven by the military's goal to preserve its central role in Burmese politics.[33][34] The Defence Services Act imposes a mandatory retirement age of 65 for the Armed Forces' Commander-in-Chief.[35] Min Aung Hlaing, the incumbent, would have been forced to retire on his 65th birthday in July 2021.[35] Further, the Constitution empowers solely the President, in consultation with National Defence and Security Council, with the authority to appoint Min Aung Hlaing's successor, which could have provided an opportunity for the civilian arm of the government to appoint a more reform-minded military officer as Commander-in-Chief.[35] Hlaing's lack of power would have exposed him to potential prosecution and accountability for alleged war crimes during the Rohingya conflict in various international courts.[36][37] Min Aung Hlaing had also hinted a potential entry into politics as a civilian, after his retirement.[37]

The activist group Justice for Myanmar has also noted the significant financial and business interests of Min Aung Hlaing and his family, as a potential motivating factor for the coup.[38] Min Aung Hlaing oversees two military conglomerates, the Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC) and Myanma Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL),[39] while his daughter, son, and daughter-in-law have substantial business holdings in the country.[38]

The legality of the coup has been questioned by legal scholars, including Melissa Crouch.[40] The NLD has also rejected the legal basis for the military takeover.[41][42] During its announcement of the coup, the military invoked Articles 417 and 418 of the 2008 Constitution as the legal basis for the military takeover.[43] However, Article 417 of the Constitution authorises only a sitting president to declare a state of emergency, following consultation with the National Defence and Security Council (NDSC).[44] The declaration of a state of emergency then transfers legislative, executive, and judicial power to the Commander-in-Chief per Article 418.[44] Half of the NDSC's members at the time of the coup were civilians, including the president, the civilian-elected second vice-president, and the speakers of the upper and lower house. The military claims that the NDSC was convened, chaired by Aung Min Hlaing, to invoke Articles 417 and 418.[45] However, this session was held in the absence of the civilian members of the NDSC, and it is unclear whether the military had the constitutional authority to unilaterally declare a state of emergency, since the Constitution grants the president, who at the time had not voluntarily vacated his role, the sole authority to declare a state of emergency.[46][40]

Reactions

Protests

File:Myanmar coup 2021 protest in Bangkok Thailand 01.jpg
A protest against the coup abroad at the Burmese embassy in Bangkok, Thailand.

A group of about 200 Burmese expatriates and some Thai pro-democracy activists including Parit Chiwarak and Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul protested the coup at the Burmese embassy on Sathon Nuea Road in Bangkok, Thailand. Some protesters reportedly showed the three-finger salute, the symbol used in the protests calling for democracy in Thailand.[47] The protest ended with a police crackdown; two protestors were injured and hospitalized, and two others were arrested.[48] Burmese citizens in Tokyo, Japan gathered in front of the United Nations University, also to protest against the coup.[49]

Domestic

On 2 February 2021, healthcare workers and civil servants across the country, including in the national capital, Naypyidaw, launched a national civil disobedience campaign, in opposition to the coup.[50][51] A Facebook campaign group dubbed the "Civil Disobedience Movement" has attracted over 100,000 followers, since its initial launch on 2 February.[42] Healthcare workers from dozens of state-run hospitals and institutions have pledged to initiate a labour strike starting 3 February.[42][52]

Residents in the commercial capital of Yangon have struck pots and pans in unison, in opposition to the coup.[53][54] Some Yangonites staged a brief 15-minute protest rally at 8 pm on 2 February, calling for the overthrow of the dictatorship and Suu Kyi's release.[55]

Thailand's largest industrial estate developer, Amata, halted a $1 billion industrial zone development project in Yangon in response to the coup, after commencing construction in December 2020.[56][57] Suzuki Motor, Myanmar's largest automaker, and several manufacturers halted operations in the wake of the coup.[56] The Yangon Stock Exchange has also suspended trading since 1 February.[56]

International

  Myanmar
  Condemns the coup
  Deeply concerned
  Neutral position
  No public position

Many countries, including Bangladesh,[58] China,[59] India,[60] Indonesia,[61] Malaysia,[62] Pakistan,[63] Philippines,[64] South Korea,[65] and Singapore,[66] expressed concern in response to the coup, many of which encouraged dialogue between the government and the military in order to resolve the issue. Australia,[67][68] Canada,[69] France,[70] Germany,[71] Japan,[72] New Zealand,[73] Spain,[74] Sweden,[75] Turkey,[76] the United Kingdom,[77] and the United States[78] on their part condemned the coup and called for the release of detained officials; the White House also threatened to impose sanctions on coup perpetrators.[79][80][81] Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam explicitly refused to support a side, characterising the coup as an internal matter.[82][83][84]

Intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations,[85] ASEAN,[86][87] and the European Union expressed concern and called for dialogue from both sides. In addition to concern, the European Union also condemned the coup and urged the release of detainees.[88]

In response to the coup, the UN Security Council held an emergency meeting, where a draft resolution urging the "restoration of democracy" in Myanmar, condemning the Myanmar military's action, and calling for the release of detainees was proposed. The statement was not issued because of failure to garner support from all 15 council members; the diplomats of China and Russia reportedly have to relay the draft to their respective governments for review.[89][90][91][92] China, as a permanent member of the council and therefore having the power of veto, refused to back the statement.[93]

See also

References

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