Helicidae

Helicidae
	Helix pomatia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Superfamily:	Helicoidea
Family:	Helicidae; Rafinesque, 1815
Type genus
	Helix Linnaeus, 1758;
Subfamilies
	Ariantinae; Murellinae; Helicinae;

Helicidae is a large, diverse family of small to large, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails."

A number of species in this family are valued as food items, including Cornu aspersum (formerly Helix aspersa) the brown or garden snail, and Helix pomatia the "escargot".^[1] The biologies of these two species in particular have been thoroughly studied and documented.

Shell description

The shells of these snails are mostly rather globular in shape. In some genera, such as Cepaea, the shells are brightly colored and patterned.

Anatomy

The animal is capable of complete retraction within the shell. The tail is without a mucous gland or projection.^[2]^{[unreliable source?]}

The mouth is always provided with a jaw, which is striate, ribbed, sulcate or plicate, sometimes composed of several imbricating pieces. The radula is composed of many transverse horizontal series of teeth, the centrals tricuspidate, about the size of the laterals, laterals bicuspid, or tricuspid with the interior cusp obsolete, marginals usually wider than high, short with two or three small cusps.^[2]^{[unreliable source?]}

In the soft parts the most obvious distinction is the lack of a caudal mucous pit, and their possessing a sculptured jaw. Typically, there is a distinction in the dentition, although in some species the lateral teeth take on a pseudozonitoid appearance; even in such cases the extreme marginals in Helix remain short and very obtuse.^[2]^{[unreliable source?]}

This family of snails is defined by the anatomical presence of a diverticulum. Some genera within this family create and use love darts as part of their mating behavior. These snails have one dart apparatus. The dart sac has no accessory sac, and contains two tubular glands, inserted at the base of the dart sac.

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).^[3]

Helicid snails for sale as food in Italy; from the front *Eobania vermiculata*, *Cantareus apertus*, and *Helix* sp.

Distribution

The family is native to Eurasia and belongs the Western Palearctic group.

However some species, notably Cornu aspersum, have been introduced and become established in numerous different areas worldwide.

Many accidental introductions happen because the eggs of most Helicidae are laid in the soil, and they may thus easily travel unnoticed along with landscaping plants.

Genera

The family Helicidae contains 3 subfamilies (according to molecular phylogenetic analyses^[4]^[5]^[6]):

Subfamily Helicinae Rafinesque, 1815

In this subfamily the glands are divided. The love dart has four blades or vanes. There are usually two penial papillae.

Tribe Allognathini

Allognathus

Cepaea Held, 1838

Hemicycla

Iberus

Pseudotachea

Tribe Helicini Rafinesque, 1815

Tribe Otalini

Cantareus Risso, 1826

Cornu Born, 1778

Eobania P. Hesse, 1913

Macularia

Otala Schumacher, 1817

Rossmaessleria

Theba Risso, 1826

Subfamily Murellinae

Tribe Murellini Hesse, 1918

Marmorana W. Hartmann, 1844 - This genus might actually belong to the subfamily Ariantinae and not to the subfamily Helicinae, as has been assumed until now.^[7]

Tacheocampylaea

Tyrrheniberus

Subfamily Ariantinae Mörch, 1864

In this subfamily the glands are divided or undivided. The love darts contain two to four blades. There is only one penial papilla.

Arianta Turton, 1831

Campylaea H. Beck, 1837

Campylaeopsis A.J. Wagner, 1914

Cattania Brusina, 1904

Causa Schileyko, 1971

Chilostoma Fitzinger, 1833

Corneola Held, 1838

Cylindrus Fitzinger, 1833

Delphinatia P. Hesse, 1931

Dinarica Kobelt, 1902

Drobacia Brusina, 1904

Faustina Kobelt, 1904

Helicigona A. Férussac, 1821

Isognomostoma Fitzinger, 1833

Josephinella F. Haas, 1936

Kollarix Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016

Kosicia Brusina, 1904

Liburnica Kobelt, 1904

Mesodontopsis Pilsbry, 1895 †

Metacampylaea Pilsbry, 1895 †

Paradrobacia H. Nordsieck, 2014 †

Pseudoklikia H. Nordsieck, 2018 †

Pseudotrizona Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016

Thiessea Kobelt, 1904

Vidovicia Brusina, 1904

†Pseudochloritis C. R. Boettger, 1909^[8]

Incertae sedis

Idiomela T. Cockerell, 1921

Lampadia

References

^ M.P. Kerney & R.A.D. Cameron. 1979. A field guide to the land snails of Britain and northwestern Europe. Collins, London.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tryon G. W. 1887 Manual of conchology; structural and systematic. With illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae - Volume I. page 3–4.
^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
^ Korábek, Ondřej; Petrusek, Adam; Neubert, Eike; Juřičková, Lucie (2015-05-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the genus Helix (Pulmonata: Helicidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (3): 263–280. doi:10.1111/zsc.12101. ISSN 1463-6409.
^ Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (2015-02-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.
^ Neiber, Marco T.; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2015-12-01). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of the snail genus Cepaea (Gastropoda: Helicidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.022. PMID 26256642.
^ Nordsieck H. (2006). Higher classification of Helicoidea and the molecular analyses of their phylogeny. hnords.de Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 20/06/12
^ Höltke, Olaf; Rasser, Michael W (2015). "Pseudochloritis insignis–a peculiar large land-snail from the Miocene of SW Germany: taxonomic status and census of morphologically related forms". Journal of Conchology. 42 (1): 1.

External links

[1] M.P. Kerney & R.A.D. Cameron. 1979. A field guide to the land snails of Britain and northwestern Europe. Collins, London.

[manual_3-2] Tryon G. W. 1887 Manual of conchology; structural and systematic. With illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae - Volume I. page 3–4.

[Barker-3] Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

[4] Korábek, Ondřej; Petrusek, Adam; Neubert, Eike; Juřičková, Lucie (2015-05-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the genus Helix (Pulmonata: Helicidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (3): 263–280. doi:10.1111/zsc.12101. ISSN 1463-6409.

[5] Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (2015-02-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.

[6] Neiber, Marco T.; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2015-12-01). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of the snail genus Cepaea (Gastropoda: Helicidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.022. PMID 26256642.

[7] Nordsieck H. (2006). Higher classification of Helicoidea and the molecular analyses of their phylogeny. hnords.de Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 20/06/12

[hotrasser-8] Höltke, Olaf; Rasser, Michael W (2015). "Pseudochloritis insignis–a peculiar large land-snail from the Miocene of SW Germany: taxonomic status and census of morphologically related forms". Journal of Conchology. 42 (1): 1.

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