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Filipe Nyusi

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His Excellency
Filipe Nyusi
Filipe Nyusi in 2019
President of Mozambique
Incumbent
Assumed office
15 January 2015
Prime MinisterCarlos Agostinho do Rosário
Preceded byArmando Guebuza
Minister of National Defence
In office
27 March 2008 – 14 March 2014[1]
Preceded byTobias Joaquim Dai
Succeeded byAgostinho Mondlane
Personal details
Born (1959-02-09) 9 February 1959 (age 65)
Mueda, Portuguese Mozambique
Political partyFRELIMO
SpouseIsaura Nyusi
Children4
Alma mater
ProfessionMechanical engineer
Websitewww.nyusi.org.mz

Filipe Jacinto Nyusi (Portuguese pronunciation: [fiˈlipɨ ʒɐˈsĩtu ˈɲusi]), born 9 February 1959, is a Mozambican politician serving as the fourth President of Mozambique, in office since 2015. He is the current leader of Frelimo, the party that has governed Mozambique since its independence from Portugal in 1975. The Frelimo government has been described as authoritarian my some journalists.[2][3][4][5] He has served as the Chairman of the Southern African Development Community since August 2020.[6]

Nyusi served as Minister of Defence from 2008 to 2014 in the government of Armando Guebuza. He won the 2014 and 2019 presidential elections as the candidate of Frelimo. The 2019 election was characterized by instances of fraud, intimidation, and the murders of opposition leaders and election observers.[7][8][9][10]

Nyusi has been accused of corruption in connection with secret loans that caused an economic crisis in the country.[11][12][13] It has been alleged that he received up to 2 million dollars in bribes in 2014 in connection with these loans when he was Minister of Defence.

His time in office has been marked by increased poverty, assassinations of leaders of opposition parties, journalists, and academics, escalation of war in the central and northern regions of the country, and accusations of abuse of power.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Early life and career

He was born in Namau in Mueda District, Cabo Delgado Province, belonging to the Makonde ethnic group. Both his parents were veterans of the liberation movement, Frelimo. At the start of the Mozambican War of Independence, he was taken across the Ruvuma River to neighbouring Tanzania, where he was educated at Frelimo Primary School in Tunduru. He pursued his secondary education at the Frelimo school at Mariri in Cabo Delgado and at Samora Machel Secondary School in Beira.[21]

In 1973, aged 14, he joined Frelimo and received political and military training at Nachingwea in Tanzania.[22] In 1990, he completed his mechanical engineering degree at Antonín Zápotocký Military Academy (VAAZ) in Brno, Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic's University of Defence.[23]

Prior to his appointment to the cabinet by President Armando Guebuza, Nyusi worked for the state-owned Mozambique Ports and Railways authority (CFM). He became executive director of CFM-Norte, the northern division of the company, in 1995,[24][25] and joined the company's board of directors in 2007.[26]

From 1993 to 2002, Nyusi served as President of Clube Ferroviário de Nampula,[27] a top-division football club based in Nampula. He is also a lecturer at the Nampula campus of the Universidade Pedagógica,[28] a fellow of the Africa Leadership Initiative,[27] and a member of the National Committee of Fighters of the National Liberation Struggle (Template:Lang-pt).[29] He received further training in management in India, South Africa, Swaziland, and the United States.[28]

Political career

A section of the crowd at his final campaign rally in Maputo.

Minister of Defence

Nyusi took office as Minister of Defence on 27 March 2008, succeeding Tobias Joaquim Dai.[30] Nyusi's appointment came almost exactly one year after a fire and resulting explosions of munitions at the Malhazine armoury in Maputo killed more than 100 people and destroyed 14,000 homes. A government-appointed investigative commission concluded that negligence played a role in the disaster, and Dai "was blamed by many for failing to act on time to prevent the loss of life".[31]

In September 2012, Nyusi was elected to the Central Committee of Frelimo, the ruling party, at its 10th congress.[32]

2014 presidential election

On 1 March 2014, the Frelimo Central Committee elected Nyusi as the party's candidate for the 2014 presidential election. In the first round of voting, he received 46% of the vote—well ahead of the second-place candidate, Luisa Diogo, but short of the majority needed to win outright. He defeated Diogo in the second round with 68% to her 31%. Although Nyusi was regarded as relatively obscure compared to the other candidates,[32] he was the candidate most closely identified with President Guebuza. It was generally believed that the selection of Nyusi as Frelimo's candidate would enable Guebuza, who was required to step down due to term limits, to retain substantial power after leaving office. Diogo, the defeated candidate, was associated with opposition to Guebuza within the party.[33]

2019 presidential election

File:Momade-shows-evidence-of-fraud-elections-15-October-2019.png
Ossufo Momade showing evidence of fraud in the 2019 Mozambican general election, Island of Mozambique, Nampula, Mozambique, 15 October 2019

Nyusi and his Frelimo party won a landslide victory in an election that the opposition branded a "mega fraud".[34] The elections were marked by assassinations and significant intimidation of prominent leaders of opposition parties and election observers.[9][35][18] Local elections observers, civil society organizations, the Commonwealth Observer Group and the European Union Election Observation Mission reported significant intimidation, violence and fraud during the election period.[7][8][36][37][38][39][40][41] State resources, media, and aid for cyclone victims were extensively used in favour of Frelimo, the ruling party, and its candidates.[8][7] Nyusi, the incumbent president, was re-elected with 73% of the vote. The main opposition party RENAMO as well as the other oppositions parties involved in the elections contested the results, claiming there were numerous irregularities, and accusing Frelimo of "massive electoral fraud", including hundreds of thousands of "ghost voters".[42] As evidence for the international community, Ossufo Momade, the president of RENAMO, transported to Europe a box filled with vote ballots that had been marked in favor of Nyusi before the start of the vote.[43][44][45]

Presidency (2015–present)

Nyusi and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia, 22 August 2019
File:Cabo-Delgado-Crimes-2020-Woman-Murdered.jpg
Government security forces shoot a naked and unarmed woman in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, September 2020

The inauguration of Filipe Nyusi for his first and second terms as the 4th President of Mozambique took place on 15 January 2015 and 15 January 2020, respectively.[46]

During his time in office, Mozambique has experienced increased poverty, assassinations of prominent leaders of opposition parties, academics, journalists, and leaders of civil society organizations, as well as increased warfare in the central and northern regions of the country.[14][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][19]

Secret loans

Nyusi is accused of corruption related to secret loans that caused an economic crisis in Mozambique.[56][11][57] Between 2013 and 2014 state-owned security companies borrowed $622 million from Swiss bank Credit Suisse, and $535 million from the Russian bank VTB, ostensibly for a project involving tuna fishing and maritime security. A total of $2.2 billion in hidden loans was uncovered in 2016, which triggered a collapse in the metical and a default on the country's debt. International lenders such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) withdrew their support for the country. In May 2020, Mozambique's Constitutional Court declared the loans illegal and void, as they were not approved by parliament, ruling that the country does not have to repay them.[58][59][60]

In March 2019 three former Mozambican officials and five business executives were indicted in New York, for their alleged role in the scheme.[61] The government of Mozambique brought legal action in the United Kingdom to challenge the validity of the loans, as they were contracted under English law. Privinvest, in their defence, alleged that Nyusi had received payments as campaign contributions.[62] Credit Suisse and VTB have argued that the government is liable to repay the loans.[63]

In the legal actions in New York (20 November 2019) and London (15 January 2021) it was alleged that Nyusi was one of numerous officials who received bribes, in his case at least 2 million dollars and 1 million dollars respectively.[12][13][64][65][56] Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique during the time of the alleged incident, stated during a hearing with attorney general Ana Sheila Marrengula on 30 September 2020 that Nyusi should be arrested to better clarify the secret loans because the money from the loans that went to Ematum and MAM was intended to guarantee the defence and security of the country, and Nyusi was the Minister of Defence.[66][67][68] The independence of the judiciary in Mozambique has been questioned by experts.[69][70][71][5][72]

Guebuza, who was instrumental in ensuring the selection of Nyusi as Frelimo's candidate to enable Guebuza to retain influence after leaving office,[33] is also listed as a defendant in the legal action in London in the context of the hidden loans.[73][74][56] Former Minister of Finance Manuel Chang, who also served in the Guebuza government, was arrested in South Africa on 29 December 2018 on the request of U.S. prosecutors who want Chang extradited to the U.S. to face trial in connection with the loans.[75][76][77][78][79][65] Chang has remained in jail in South Africa since then.[80]

Alleged extrajudicial killings

Nyusi's government has been accused of using death squads (Portuguese: esquadrões da morte) to assassinate individuals speaking in opposition to the government.[81][15][16][17][18][19] There are also reports and accusations of mutilation of corpses and extrajudicial assassination of civilians by government security forces, including the Mozambique Defence Armed Forces (FADM) and the Mozambique Rapid Intervention Police (PIR).[82] In 2020 a video surfaced, whose authenticity has been verified by Amnesty International, showing the extrajudicial killing of a naked and unarmed woman in Mocímboa da Praia, in the province of Cabo Delgado, by government security forces.[83] The soldier who participated in the killing of the woman, Ramiro Moisés Machatine, produced the evidence and filmed himself at the end of the video; he was a member of government security forces.[84] Machatine was declared dead as of 16 September 2020, and the circumstances of his death are unclear.[84] Other reports of gross human rights violations and crimes under international law taking place in the country have been.[85][82][86][87] It is alleged that investigations of such killings and other related crimes are not investigated.[88]

Insurgents in Cabo Delgado in northern Mozambique seized a key port, Mocímboa da Praia on 13 August 2020, and two strategic islands of Mecungo (Mocímboa) and Vamisse (Olumbe, Palma) on 8 September 2020 (while still holding Mocímboa da Praia).[89][90][91][92] The insurgents are building on decades of local frustrations about unemployment, rigged elections, corruption and violence.[93][94][95][96]

On 23 August 2020, the offices of Canal de Moçambique were petrol-bombed. Canal de Moçambique is a reputable and independent media house, which usually reports corruption involving the ruling party Frelimo.[85][97][98][16]

Personal life

Nyusi is a member of the Makonde ethnic community.[99] He is married to Isaura Nyusi and has four children, Jacinto, Florindo, Claudia and Angelino.[100][101]

References

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Political offices
Preceded by President of Mozambique
2015–present 		Incumbent
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