Afghan–Sikh Wars
.svg){kind=small}
The Afghan–Sikh wars were a series of wars between the Islamic Durrani Empire (centred in present-day Afghanistan), and the Sikh Empire (located in the Punjab region). The conflict had its origins stemming from the days of the Dal Khalsa.
Background
The Sikh Confederacy had effectively achieved independence from the Mughal Empire in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the Chhota Ghallughara. The Afsharid Persian emperor Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after Nader Shah's death in 1747, the Durrani Empire (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance.
First Phase
In 1748, Ahmad Shad Durrani invades, sacks and occupies Lahore.[4] Establishing a governor over Lahore, Ahmad marched his army east taking more territory.[4] The Sikhs would retake Lahore only to lose it to the Afghans by 12 April 1752.[4]
Ahmad raids India in 1757, and at battle of Amritsar, his son Timur Durrani, is defeated by the Sikhs.[4] By February 1758, the Durrani governor of Lahore, General Jahan Khan, is defeated by the Sikhs.[4]
Second Phase
In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India, taking Lahore without a fight.[2] The Sikhs withdraw, resorting to guerrilla warfare against the Afghans.[2] Ahmad marched on to Amritsar, massacring the population and destroying the city,[2] however his campaign was short-lived.[2] Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan.[2] Ahmad Shah died in 1772, and by 1799, Sikhs were back in possession of Lahore.[5]
Third Phase
Battle of Attock
In 1813, after demanding the return of the fort at Attock, the Durrani prime minister Wazir Fateh Khan besieged Attock.[6] A Punjabi relief force arrived and for three months the two armies faced each other, neither side moving.[6] As the heat from summer started to affect the armies, Dewan Mokham Chand marched his army to block the Afghans from getting water from the river.[6] Without water the Afghan troops began to suffer dehydration, so they launched attack after attack towards the river, but were unable to break through.[6] Chand, realizing the Afghans were weakened, charged his cavalry at the Afghans who broke and ran, losing two thousand men.[6]
Two months after the victory at Attock, Ranjit Singh launched a campaign to take Kashmir from the Durrani Empire.[7] A late Autumn start postponed the campaign until the next spring.[7] By June, an army of 30,000 men under the command of Ram Dyal, grandson of Dewan Mokham Chand, marched toward Baramulla, with a pincer attack of 20,000 men led by Ranjit Singh marching to Poonch.[7]
Ranjit's force was delayed by torrential rains, while Ram Dyal's army took the fortress of Baramulla on 20 July 1814.[7] When Dyal's army reached Shupaiyan, the governor of Kashmir, Azim Khan blocked his advance.[8] Fighting a delaying action, Dyal waited on a reinforcement of 5,000 men from Ranjit.[9] These reinforcements were forced to a standstill by Afghan snipers.[9]
Ranjit Singh's force made little progress.[9] Faced with a scorched earth from the fleeing populace, food supplies became a major issue for his army, followed by a cholera outbreak.[9] Meanwhile, Ram Dyal, who was entrenched near Srinagar, received a proposal from Azim Khan for a negotiated peace and was able to extricate himself from a difficult situation.[9] Ranjit Singh's campaign ended in failure.[9]
Siege of Multan
Battle of Shopian
The battle took place in the Shopian region in the Kashmir region. This battle included the 1819 Kashmir expedition, which led to Kashmir being annexed to the Sikh Empire.[10]
Battle of Nowshera
The Battle of Nowshera wasn't fought by the Durranis, but by a Pashtun force with support of the Durranis. This was the 4th battle in the third Afghan–Sikh war.[11] This battle led to the Peshawar Valley annexed by the Sikh Empire.
Battle of Jamrud
The Battle of Jamrud was the fifth and foremost battle within the third Afghan–Sikh war. The Afghans had been losing their long held territories to Sikhs over the preceding years, and had seen their once mighty empire shrink with the loss of the Punjab region, Multan, Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The loss of Peshawar was the most personal as the inhabitants of the region were fellow Pashtuns and the city was the winter capital of Afghanistan, so the Afghans set to reclaim it.[12]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Mehta 2005, p. 303.
- ^ a b c d e f Dupree 1980, p. 339.
- ^ Zaidi, S. H. "The Intractable Kashmir Issue: Search for a Rational Solution." Pakistan Horizon 56, no. 2 (2003): 53-85. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41394023. pp. 82
- ^ a b c d e Lansford 2017, p. 20.
- ^ Glover 2008, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e Singh 1999, p. 235.
- ^ a b c d Singh 1999, p. 238.
- ^ Singh 1999, p. 238-239.
- ^ a b c d e f Singh 1999, p. 239.
- ^ Chopra, Gulshan Lall. The Panjab as a Sovereign State, Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons. p. 26.
- ^ Teja., Singh, Ganda. Singh, (1986). Maharaja Ranjit Singh : first death centenary memorial. Nirmal Publishers. OCLC 221247277.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Farwell, Byron (2001). The encyclopedia of nineteenth-century land warfare : an illustrated world view. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04770-9. OCLC 42009346.
Sources
- Dupree, Louis (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press.
- Glover, William J. (2008). Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. University of Minnesota Press.
- Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- Lansford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
- Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press, Inc.
- Singh, Khushwant (1999). A History of the Sikhs. Vol. Vol. 1, 1469–1839. Oxford University Press.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - .