123rd Operations Group
| 359th Fighter Group | |
|---|---|
 P-51 Mustangs of the 359th Fighter Group | |
| Active | 1943–1945; 1947–1952; 1952–1958; 1962–present |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Type | Group |
| Role | fighter |
| Motto(s) | Cum Leone Latin With the Lions (1943-1945) Fortunes Fortuna Juvat Latin Fortune Assists the Brave (after 1951) |
| Engagements | European Theater of Operations |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Avelin P. Tacon Jr. |
| Insignia | |
| 359th Fighter Group emblem |  |
| 123d operations Group emblem[1][note 1][note 2] |  |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Fighter | P-47 Thunderbolt 1943-45 P-51 Mustang 1944-45 |
The 359th Fighter Group was a United States Army Air Force fighter unit that was active during World War II. Following organization and training in the United States, the group deployed to the European Theater of Operations, operating from RAF East Wretham. The fighter group flew 346 combat missions over continental Europe and claimed 373 enemy aircraft in aerial combat and strafing attacks; probable destruction of 23; and damage to 185. It was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions. The group flew its last mission on 20 April 1945, then returned to the United States for inactivation.
The group was redesignated the 123d Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard in 1946. It was again activated in the fall of 1947 in the Kentucky Air National Guard. In the fall of 1950, the group was called to active duty and moved to Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky, where it became part of the 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing under the wing-base organization system. It returned to England in December 1951 and, as the 123d Fighter-Bomber Group, served until July 1952, when it transferred its mission, personnel and equipment to an active duty group, then moved without personnel or equipment back to the Kentucky Air National Guard, activating the same day. It served as a fighter unit in the 1950s, then became a tactical reconnaissance group, being called to active duty twice. It was inactivated in 1974, when the Air National Guard eliminated flying groups located on the same station as their parent wings, and its flying squadron was assigned directly to the 123d Wing. With the implementation of the Objective Wing organization in 1990s, the group was activated under its current name, the 123d Operations Group.
History
World War II
Organization and training
The group was activated in January 1943 at Westover Field, Massachusetts, with the 368th,[2] 369th[3] and 370th Fighter Squadrons assigned,[4] although it apparently did not begin to receive personnel until March.[1] After training with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts at Grenier Field, New Hampshire and Republic Field, New York, returning to Westover in August 1943. The group's personnel proceeded to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 2 October, where most of the group embarked on the USAT Argentina on 8 October, although the 369th Squadron sailed on the USS Thurston and SS Sloterdyjk, arriving at Liverpool and Clyde on 19 October.[1][5]
Combat in Europe
The 359th entered combat in mid-December 1943 after five 359th pilots flew combat missions with the 78th Fighter Group.[citation needed] At first, the group engaged primarily in escort missions to cover Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers that attacked airfields in France. It also flew patrol, strafing, dive bombing and weather reconnaissance missions.[1]
In April 1944, the group began converting to the North American P-51 Mustang, whose extended range permitted it to provide escort for bombers that struck rail centers in Germany and oil targets in Poland. With the Mustang, the group supported Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, by patrolling the English Channel, escorting bomber formations to the French coast, and dive bombing and strafing bridges, locomotives, and rail lines near the battle area.[1]
From July 1944 until February 1945, the group engaged chiefly in escorting bombers to oil refineries, marshalling yards, and other targets in such cities as Berlin, Brux, Frankfurt am Main, Ludwigshafen, Merseburg and Stuttgart. The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for operations over Germany on 11 September 1944 when the group protected a formation of heavy bombers against large numbers of enemy fighters.[1]
In addition to its escort duties, the 359th supported campaigns in France during July and August 1944, bombed enemy positions to support Operation Market-Garden, the airborne attempt to size a bridgehead across the Rhine near Nijmegen in September, and participated in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945. The group flew missions to support Operation Varsity, the airborne attack to seize a bridgehead across the Rhine at Wesel in March 1945. It also escorted medium bombers attacking German lines of communication from February 1945 through April.[1]
Following V-E Day, the 359th Fighter Group remained in England until November 1945, although most of its personnel were transferred to other unit, and its aircraft shipped to depots. It sailed on the RMS Queen Mary on 4 November. It arrived at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, where it was inactivated on 10 November 1945.[1][5]
Notable pilots
Ray Wetmore was credited with 21.25 victories in aerial combat and ended the war as a 21-year-old major. His last victory was on March 15, 1945 near Wittenberg, destroying a Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet rocket fighter.[6]
Avelin P. Tacon Jr. was commander of the 359th Fighter Group and went on to become a major general in the US Air force.[7]
Howard L. Fogg, an American artist specializing in railroad art, flew 76 combat missions with the 359th Fighter Group and was awarded the Air Medal with three clusters and the Distinguished Flying Cross with one cluster.[8]
Air National Guard
The group was redesignated 123d Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946.
Lineage
- Constituted as the 359th Fighter Group on 20 December 1942
- Activated on 15 January 1943
- Inactivated 10 November 1945
- Redesignated 123d Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946
- Activated on 8 September 1947
- Federally recognized on 28 September 1947
- Called into active service on 10 October 1950
- Redesignated 123d Fighter-Bomber Group on 26 October 1950
- Inactivated and returned to state control on 10 July 1952[9]
- Redesignated 123d Fighter-Interceptor Group and activated on 10 July 1952
- Redesignated 123d Fighter-Bomber Group on 1 January 1953
- Redesignated 123d Fighter-Interceptor Group c. 1 July 1955
- Inactivated c. 1 June 1958
- Redesignated 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Group
- Activated c. 1 October 1962
- Called into active service in January 1968
- Released from active service in July 1969
- Inactivated on 9 December 1974
- Redesignated 123d Operations Group
- Activated on 1 January 1993
Assignments
- Boston Air Defense Wing, 15 January 1943
- New York Air Defense Wing (later New York Fighter Wing), 11 July 1943
- Boston Air Defense Wing, 23 August 1943
- 66th Fighter Wing, 20 October 43[5]
- 67th Fighter Wing, c. 1 November 1943[5] (attached to 1st Tactical Air Force, Provisional after November 1944)
- Army Service Forces, Port of Embarkation, 9 November 1945–10 November 1945
- Kentucky National Guard, 8 September 1947
- Kentucky Air National Guard, 18 September 1947
- 55th Fighter Wing, 20 December 1947
- Tactical Air Command, 10 October 1950
- 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing, 26 October 1950 – 10 July 1952
- 123d Fighter-Interceptor Wing (later 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing, 123d Fighter-Interceptor Wing), 10 July 1952 – c. 1 June 1958
- 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, c. 1 October 1962 –9 December 1974
- 123d Airlift Wing, 1 January 1993 – present
Components
- 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 10 April 1958 – c. June 1958
- 123d Operations Support Squadron, 1 January 1993 – present
- 156th Fighter Squadron (later 156th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 156th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron), 1948 – 10 Jul 52, 10 July 1952 – c. 1 June 1958
- 166th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, c. 1 November 1952 – c. June 1953
- 368th Fighter Squadron (later 165th Fighter Squadron, 165th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 165th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 165th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 165th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 165th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 165th Airlift Squadron), 15 January 1943 – 10 November 1945,[2] 8 September 1947 – 10 July 1952, 10 July 1952 – c. 1 June 1958, c. 1 October 1962 – January 1968, c. 30 June 1969 – 9 December 1974, 1 January 1993 – present
- 369th Fighter Squadron (later 167th Fighter Squadron, 167th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 167th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 167th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 167th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron), 15 January 1943 – 10 November 1945,[3]Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 457</ref> 8 September 1947 – 10 July 1952, 10 July 1952 – c. 1 June 1958
- 370th Fighter Squadron, 15 January 1943 – 10 November 1945[4]
Stations
- Westover Field, Massachusetts, 15 January 1943
- Grenier Field, New Hampshire, 7 April 1943
- Republic Field, New York, 11 July 1943
- Westover Field, Massachusetts, 23 August – 3 October 1943
- RAF East Wretham (Sta 133),[10] England, October 1943 – November 1945
- Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, 9–10 November 1945
- Standiford Field, Kentucky, 8 September 1947
- Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky, c. 20 October 1950 – 15 November 1951
- RAF Manston, 10 December 1951 – 10 July 1952[9]
- Standiford Field, Kentucky, 10 July 1952
- Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri, 30 January 1968
- Standiford Field, 9 June 1969 – present
Aircraft
- Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, 1943-1944
- North American P-51 Mustang, 1944-1945[9]
References
Notes
- Explanatory notes
- ^ Approved 20 December 1951.
- ^ The group uses the 123d Wing emblem with the group designation on the scroll. Air Force Instruction 84-105, Organizational Lineage, Honors and Heraldry, 19 March 2013, para 3.3.3.
- ^ Aircraft are Republic P-47D-5-RE Thunderbolts. In the foreground is serial 42-8596 (CV-P) "Marryin' Sam" of the 368th Fighter Squadron. Flown by Lt William R. Simmons, the aircraft was named from the Al Capp cartoon strip, Li'l Abner.
- ^ Aircraft is North American P-51D-5-NA Mustang. serial 44-13404 (CV-Z), painted in D-Day Invasion markings, June 1944. The pilot of this aircraft, Lt. Louis E. Barnett, was killed on 12 September 1944.
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 241-243
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 456
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 457
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 458-459
- ^ a b c d Freeman, p. 252
- ^ Smith (2012)[page needed]
- ^ "Biography, Major General Avelin P. Tacon Jr". united States Air Force. 15 September 1964. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Fogg [page needed]
- ^ a b c Lineage information, including stations and aircraft, through July 1952 in Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 241-243
- ^ Station number in Anderson, p. 21.
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- Fogg, Richard P. (28 July 2011). Fogg in the Cockpit: Howard Fogg Master Railroad Artist, World War II Fighter Pilot. Philadelphia PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-004-6.
- Freeman, Roger A. (1978). Airfields of the Eighth: Then and Now. Harlow, England: After the Battle. ISBN 0-900913-09-6.
- Freeman, Roger A. (1991). The Mighty Eighth: The Colour Record. London, England, UK: Cassell & Company. ISBN 0-304-35708-1.
- Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.* Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Smith, Jack H. (20 October 2012). 359th Fighter Group. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-535-3.
- Further reading
- Baldridge, Charotte; Fogg, Janet; Fogg, Richard (2017). A Manifest Spirit: The 359th Fighter Group 1943-1945. self published. ISBN 978-1546791638.
- Fogg, Janet; Fogg, Richard (2019). Tales from the 359th Fighter Group. self published. ISBN 978-1796444643.
- Miller, Kent D. (1987). Jigger, Tinplate & Redcross: The 359th Fighter Group in World War Two. Academy Publishing Corporation.
- Raines, Thomas H. (1978). 359th Fighter Group, 1943-1945. Self published at Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-105-96875-4.
- Smith, Jack H. (1997). Mustangs & Unicorns: A History of the 359th Fighter Group. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-57510-029-6.
External links
- "359th Fighter Group 1943-1945". 359th Fighter Group on Facebook.
- "359th Fighter Group". American Air Museum in Britain. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- "359th Fighter Group". Little Friends. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
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