Celebic languages
| Celebic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Sulawesi |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Celebic |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | cele1242 |
The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.
Subgrouping
Internal classification
Mead (2003)
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.[1][2] The Kaili–Wolio subgroup has been added from Zobel (2020).[3]
- Tomini–Tolitoli
- Kaili–Pamona
- Wotu–Wolio
- Eastern
- Saluan–Banggai
- Southeastern
Zobel (2017)
Zobel's (2017) classification of the Celebic languages is as follows.[4]: 11
- [Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–Wolio[3]
- Tominic–Eastern Celebic
- Tominic
- Eastern Celebic (?)
- Saluan–Banggai
- Southeastern Celebic
Position within Austronesian
At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.[5]
Proto-Celebic
| Proto-Celebic | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Celebic languages |
| Region | Sulawesi |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
| Lower-order reconstructions | |
David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.[1]
1. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic
- *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal)
- *h > Ø
- *d > *r
- *ay, *-ey > *e
- *-aw, *-ew > *o
- *j > *y, Ø
2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
- *e (schwa) > *o
- *-iq > *eq
- antepenultimate *a > *o
3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Saluan–Banggai
- *-awa- > *oa
- *-b, *-g > *p, *k
- *q > *ʔ
4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
- *-w- > Ø
- *s > *s, *h
- *Z > *s
- *ñ > n
- *b > *b, *w
5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Bungku–Tolaki
- *q > *ʔ
- *w- > *h
- *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Muna–Buton
- *w > Ø
- final consonant loss (?)
See also
References
- ^ a b Mead, David (2003a). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 115–141.
- ^ Mead, David (2003b). "The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 65–86.
- ^ a b Zobel, Erik. 2020. "The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 59, no. 1: 297-346.
- ^ Zobel, Erik. 2017. Notes on the position of the Tominic languages in the Celebic subgroup.
- ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
External links
- Celebic languages at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).
- Classification of Sulawesi languages