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COVID-19 vaccination in India

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File:India Total Doses Administered by State.png
cumulative vaccination numbers per state as of 1 March 2021
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On 16 January 2021 India started its national vaccination programme against the SARS-CoV-2 virus which has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. The drive prioritises healthcare and frontline workers, and then those over the age of 60, and then those over the age of 45 and suffering from certain comorbidities.[1] In January 2021 Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres said that India's vaccine-production capacity is the best asset the world has.[2] According to health officials, India has administered 20,922,344 vaccine doses across the country as of 7 March 2021.[3]

Development

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits the Serum Institute of India, in Pune to review COVID-19 vaccine trials, on 28 November 2020.

Pune-based Serum Institute of India announced that it would apply for clinical trials of certain strains from Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) in April 2020. As per company president Adar Poonawalla, a vaccine for COVID-19 will be delivered within a year. However, it may not be effective on 20 to 30% people.[4] Two other companies are also trying to develop a vaccine: Zydus Cadila, which is replicating viral vector and developing a DNA plasmid vaccine,[5] and Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech, in collaboration with US based FluGen, which is expecting the first clinical trials of a nasal vaccine by late 2020.[6] As of late February, the Serum Institute of India had begun animal trials of vaccine candidates,[7] followed by Zydus Cadila in March.[8] ICMR partnered with Bharat Biotech in May to develop COVID vaccine completely in India.[9] Till May, there were over 30 candidates of COVID-19 vaccine in development in India, many of which were already in pre-clinical tests.[10] Per reports emerged in July, ICMR was preparing to launch BBV152 COVID vaccine or Covaxin, India's first COVID-19 vaccine on 15 August following its ongoing human trials in July.[11] Although, later deadline was cited as only meant to cut "red tape" and expected timeline of any Indian vaccine not to be before 2021.[12] COVAXIN has been reported to have positive results on animals in building immunity against COVID-19 in pre-clinical trials.[13] In mid-July, Zydus Cadila too had followed with human trials of its vaccine named ZyCoV-D.[14] In early August, SII's got approval from DCGI for trial phases II & III.[15] SII has also joined GAVI in a partnership with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to produce 100 million doses of vaccine for developing countries.[16]

In September, India's science minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan announced that the first vaccine for use will be available by first quarter of 2021.[17] 30 million health workers directly dealing with COVID patients, especially doctors and other medical personnel are supposed to be first to receive the vaccine.[18]

Progress

Graph of cumulative doses administered across the country

   vaccinated (commutative dose)    vaccinated (2nd dose)

COVID-19 vaccines with approval for emergency or conditional usage

Main article: COVID-19 vaccine
Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Dr. Harsh Vardhan visiting the GTB Hospital, Shahdara to review the preparedness of Dry Run of COVID-19 vaccine, in Delhi on 2 January 2021.

Covishield

On 1 January 2021, the Drug Controller General of India, approved the emergency or conditional use of AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222 (marketed as Covishield).[19] Covishield is developed by the University of Oxford and its spin-out company, Vaccitech.[20] It’s a viral vector vaccine based on replication-deficient Adenovirus that causes cold in Chimpanzees. It can be stored, transported and handled at normal refrigerated conditions (two-eight degrees Celsius/ 36-46 degrees Fahrenheit). It has a shelf-life of at least six months.

Covaxin

On 2 January 2021, BBV152 (marketed as Covaxin), first indigenous vaccine, developed by Bharat Biotech in association with the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Institute of Virology received approval from the Drug Controller General of India for its emergency or conditional usage.[21] However, this approval was met with some concern as the vaccine had not then completed phase-3 trials.[22] On 3 March 2021, Bharat Biotech announced that interim results of covaxin showed the 81% efficacy. Trail was conducted on the 25,800 people in India.[23]

Vaccination drive

The national vaccination drive began on 16 January 2021, across 3,006 vaccination centres.[24]

Each vaccination centre will offer either Covishield or Covaxin, but not both. Some states have decided to use only Covishield as the “default option” and keep their Covaxin doses as a “buffer stock”.[22] Since Covaxin has not completed phase-3 trials, those receiving it will need to sign a signed consent form.[25]

On the first day (16 January), 1,65,714 people received the vaccination. There were some delays due to issues in uploading beneficiary lists at some sites.[26]

In the first three days, 6,31,417 people were vaccinated. Of these, 0.18% reported side-effects and nine people (0.002%) were admitted to hospitals for observation and treatment.[27][28]

There is concern that the vaccine drive is being slowed down by low turnout, due to a combination of concerns about the safety of the vaccine, technical problems with the software used, and misinformation.[29]

Vaccine on order

Vaccine Approval progress Doses ordered Approval Deployment
Oxford-AstraZeneca Approved for use 500 million[30] 01 January 2021[31] 16 January 2021[32]
Covaxin Approved for use(restricted) 10 million 01 January 2021[33] 16 January 2021[32]
Novavax Not yet 1 billion[30] Not yet Not yet
Moderna Not yet Not yet Not yet Not yet
Sputnik V Not yet 100 million[34] Not yet Not yet

Phase 2

This phase of vaccination is for citizens above 60 years of age and those aged from 45 years to 60 years and have the following comorbidities. However, any healthcare or front-line worker left out in phase one is also eligible. To augment and simplify the process of registration and vaccination, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare introduced COWIN 2.0.[35][36][37]

File:GuidancedocCOWIN2.pdf
Guidance note for COWIN 2.0

The process is:

  1. Register on https://www.cowin.gov.in/home with mobile number and acceptable documents.
  2. Log into the above website.
  3. Schedule an appointment on nearest vaccination centre. Receive a confirmation SMS.
  4. Go the vaccination location on the scheduled day and time, and get vaccinated.
  5. Get dose 2 of the vaccination which will be scheduled automatically by the platform.

Vaccination by State

Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh had received 3,70,000 doses of Covishield and 20,000 of Covaxin. It was decided that only Covishield would be administered. The state aims to vaccinate 32,000 people a day. However, on the first two days, only 61 and 47.8 per cent of those days' targets could be vaccinated. There were two cases of adverse events, but neither required hospitalisation.[38]

Bihar

Bihar received 5,69,000 doses of the vaccine. 4,64,160 health workers had registered for the vaccine, and the state expects to vaccinate 30,000 people a day across 300 sites. Some doctors had doubts about the efficacy of Covaxin and refused to take it.[39]

Chattisgarh

One person was admitted to hospital following complications, but was later discharged.[27]

Delhi

4,319 health workers were administered the vaccine on the first day, and there were 51 minor and one major cases of adverse effects.[40] By day three, four people had been admitted to hospitals following complications, of which three had been later discharged.[27]

Karnataka

Karnataka Health Minister K. Sudhakar announced on 9 January that the state would be given 13.9 lakh (1.39 million) doses of Covishield in two batches. 6.3 lakh (630,000) health workers had registered for the vaccine.[41] Two people were admitted to hospital following complications; one person was later discharged.[27] A 43-year old vaccine recipient in Ballari died of a heart stroke two days after the jab.[42]

Kerala

Kerala initially received 4,33,500 doses of Covishield, and an additional batch of 3,60,500 Covishield doses were announced three days later. In total, 4,59,853 people from the state registered for the vaccine, including 1,75,673 healthcare workers from state-run hospitals, 1,99,937 from private hospitals, 2,932 from federal hospitals, 74,711 police staff and 6,600 municipal workers. A total of 24,558 healthcare workers were vaccinated on the first three days. No adverse reactions were reported.[43] After vaccinating 3.75 lakh health workers by 11 February, the focus of the campaign shifted to other front-line staff such as police and municipal workers. The second dose will be provided from 15 February onwards.[44]

Maharashtra

Maharashtra received 9,63,000 doses of Covishield and 20,000 doses of Covaxin. 7,85,000 health workers had registered to get the vaccination. 14,883 health workers in Maharashtra given COVID-19 vaccine on Tuesday[45] In Mumbai, only 1,926 people could be vaccinated on the first day, due to a combination of low turnout and technical problems with the software. The vaccination drive was temporarily suspended due to the technical glitches in the software alerting people to their vaccination appointments.[29]

Punjab

Section 'Covid-19 vaccination rollout in Punjab' not found

Rajasthan

On 3 January 2021, the state conducted its first round of dry run for COVID vaccination in 7 districts.[46] On 13 January, Rajasthan received the first consignment of COVID-19 vaccines at Jaipur and Udaipur, which included Bharat Biotech's Covaxin and Serum Institute of India's Covishield.[47] The vaccines were then transported to state and district level storage centres.

On 16 January, as a part of nationwide vaccination programme, the first dose of the vaccines were given to selected frontline health workers at 167 sites across the state.[48] In a review meeting held in January 2021 by the state government, the state head of World Health Organization said that Rajasthan is the best state in terms of preparation for COVID vaccination.[49] The second dose of the vaccine started from 15 February.[50]

One person was admitted to Bangar District Hospital following suspected anaphylaxis.[27]

Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu received 5,36,000 doses of Covishield and 20,000 doses of Covaxin.[51]

Uttarkhand

One person was admitted to hospital following complications, but was later discharged.[27]

References

  1. ^ "Guidance note for COWIN 2.0" (PDF). mohfw.gov.in.
  2. ^ India's vaccine production capacity is best asset world has today, says UN chief - "'I think that the production capacity of India is the best asset that the world has today. I hope the world understands that it must be fully used,' he added."
  3. ^ "MoHFW | Home". www.mohfw.gov.in. Retrieved 18 February 2021.(Nota bene*The data on this site changes daily)
  4. ^ "Coronavirus vaccine within a year but it won't be 100% effective". The Economic Times. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
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  6. ^ "Hyderabad-based biotech firm working on nasal vaccine for Covid-19". India Today. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  7. ^ Khelkar, Pankaj P. (19 February 2020). "Indian company first to test coronavirus vaccine on animals, human trials expected in 6 months". India Today. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
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Footnotes

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