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Acclimatization (/ə.ˌklaɪ.mə.tə.ˈzeɪ.ʃən/) is the biological process by which an organism adjusts to a change in its environmental conditions in order to maintain performance[source]. Organisms can acclimatize to a variety of environmental changes — altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, and pH —using biochemical, morphological, and behavioural methods. Acclimatization occurs over a short period of time (hours to weeks) and also occurs within an organism's lifespan (this is in contrast to adaptation, which is a change that takes place over many generations). Furthermore, acclimatization may be a discrete occurrence (like when mountaineers acclimatize to high altitudes) or may instead be part of a periodic cycle (such as mammals shedding heavy winter fur in favor of a lighter summer coat).[1] While the capacity to acclimatize to novel environments is well documented in thousands of species, researchers still know very little about how and why organisms acclimatize the way that they do[source].
ADD: REVERSIBLE!!!
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Enhanced the brevity and concision of leader section; previous version was saturated with peripheral information that is better discussed in subsequent body sections.
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Acclimatize vs. Acclimate division enforced.
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Terminology
In general vocabulary, the nouns acclimatization and acclimation — and the corresponding verbs acclimatize and acclimate — are widely regarded as synonymous. [2][3][4][5][6][7] It has sometimes been asserted that they should be differentiated by reserving acclimatization for natural processes (e.g., shedding heavy winter fur with natural seasonal change) and reserving acclimation for changes occurring in response to an artificial or controlled situation (e.g., changes resulting from experimental manipulation of temperature). This assertion is not widely known or followed (as the foregoing citations of 6 major dictionaries show), so writers who intend it must explicitly state their usage (for example, "in the following discussion, X refers strictly to Y") if they expect their intended meaning to be received by their audience.
Medical Use
In a medical context — as in general vocabulary — acclimatization and acclimation are used synonymously. (add an example from source)[6][7]
Physiological Use
In Physiology, [Acclimatization v. Acclimation] & [Reversible]. (add an example from source)
Acclimation = 1 stimulus (experimental) vs. Acclimatization = 2+ stimulus (natural)
Ecological Use
In Ecology, acclimatization (or species acclimatization) describes the systematic introduction of organisms to a new region. (add an example from source) [8]
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Use "Terminology" opposed to "Name"
Keep general premise that acclimatization and acclimation are synonymous (while clarifying the "discreteness" to the concepts)
Medical Definition vs. Physiological Definition
Types
Altitude
Acclimatization in response to high altitudes is a "truer" form of acclimatization in the sense that it fits both the general and physiological definitions. Increased altitude imposes a number of stressors — low temperature, less humidity, and decreased oxygen concentration — that an organism must deal with in order to maintain function. This change in response to a complex environmental shift (involving many factors) is the epitome of physiological acclimatization. The process generally involves a change in metabolic pathways and respiratory function. [9]
Temperature
Acclimatization in response to temperature is critical for a number of reasons; the most important of these is the maintenance of enzymatic reactions. A variety of physiological processes can be altered to maintain suitable temperature. When heat is elevated, humans produce a larger volume of sweat at more dilute concentrations to facilitate evaporative cooling (an unacclimatized person produces sweat with a salinity of up to 60 mEq/L, while an acclimatized person would produce sweat at around 5 mEq/L). [10] Many organisms can also adjust the chemical composition of their cell membranes to allow for more fluidity when it is cold and greater viscosity when it is hot. [11] Organisms who allow their temperature to fluctuate, like many temperate lizards, have shown some ability to use behavioural processes for acclimatization. [12]
Humidity
Photoperiod
Photoperiod (use wikipedia article sources)
pH
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Research
Beneficial Acclimation Hypothesis
Contemporary Studies
[i.e. this section will deal with research and experimental applications of natural acclimatization]
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See Also
- Acclimation
- Acclimatisation society
- Adaptation
- Beneficial acclimation hypothesis
- Introduced species
- Phenotypic plasticity
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References
- ^ (2009) “Acclimatisation” (n.d.) The Unabridged Hutchinson Encyclopedia Retrieved November 5 2009 from http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/acclimatization
- ^ Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press.
- ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, archived from the original on 2015-09-25, retrieved 2017-01-31.
- ^ a b Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.
- ^ a b Wolters Kluwer, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Wolters Kluwer.
- ^ Minard, Pete (2019). All Things Harmless, Useful, and Ornamental: Environmental Transformation Through Species Acclimatization, From Colonial Australia to the World. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 7–22. ISBN 9781469651606.
- ^ Nilsson, Göran (2010). Respiratory Physiology of Vertebrates : Life With and Without Oxygen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–282. ISBN 9780521878548.
- ^ Piantadosi, Claude (2003). The Biology of Human Survival : Life and Death in Extreme Environments. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195165012.
- ^ Los D.A., Murata N. (2004). "Membrane fluidity and its roles in the perception of environmental signals". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 0666 (1–2): 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.08.002. PMID 15519313.
- ^ Hazel, J R; Prosser, C L (1974). "Molecular mechanisms of temperature compensation in poikilotherms". Physiological Reviews. 54 (3): 620–677. doi:10.1152/physrev.1974.54.3.620. ISSN 0031-9333.