Voiceless retroflex affricate
| Voiceless retroflex affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʈʂ | |||
| tʂ | |||
| IPA number | 105 (136) | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʈ͡ʂ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0288 U+0361 U+0282 | ||
| X-SAMPA | ts` | ||
| |||
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The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩ or ⟨ꭧ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨ts`⟩.
The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
- Asturian: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the voiced palatal fricative, writing ḷḷ instead of ll.
- Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech, Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
- a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
- Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.
Features
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | чъыгы | ⓘ | 'tree' | ||
| Asturian | Some dialects[1][2] | ḷḷobu | [ʈ͡ʂoβu] | 'wolf' | Corresponds to standard /ʎ/. |
| Belarusian | пачатак | [paʈ͡ʂatak] | 'the beginning' | Laminal. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[3] | 中文 / Zhōngwén | ⓘ | 'Chinese language' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology |
| Khanty | Eastern dialects | ҷӓңҷ | [ʈ͡ʂaɳʈ͡ʂ] | 'knee' | Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects. |
| Southern dialects | |||||
| Northern Qiang | zhes | [ʈ͡ʂəs] | 'day before yesterday' | Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms. | |
| Polish | Standard[4][5] | czas | ⓘ | 'time' | Laminal. Transcribed /t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology |
| Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[6] | cena | [ˈʈ͡ʂɛn̪ä] | 'price' | Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡s/ into [t͡s]. | |
| Suwałki dialect[7] | |||||
| Quechua | Cajamarca–Cañaris | chupa | [ʈ͡ʂupə] | 'tail' | |
| Russian | лучше | [ˈɫut͡ʂʂə] | 'better' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[8] | чеп / čep | [ʈ͡ʂe̞p] | 'cork' | Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[9] | čakať | [ˈʈ͡ʂäkäc̟] | 'to wait' | Laminal. | |
| Torwali[10] | ڇووو | [ʈ͡ʂuwu] | 'to sew' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Vietnamese | trà | [ʈ͡ʂa:˨˩] | 'tea' | Some speakers. | |
| Yi | ꍈ / zha | [ʈ͡ʂa˧] | 'a bit' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
See also
Notes
- ^ (in Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Archived 2013-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Page 14
- ^ García Arias (2003:34)
- ^ Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Hamann (2004:65)
- ^ "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
- ^ "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
- ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
References
- García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003), Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana, Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, pp. 34–36, ISBN 84-8168-341-8
- Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved 2015-04-09
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zongji (1984), "Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates", Journal of Phonetics, 11 (3): 267–278, doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
