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Big Hole

Coordinates: 28°44′20″S 24°45′32″E / 28.73889°S 24.75889°E / -28.73889; 24.75889
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For other uses, see Big Hole (disambiguation).
Kimberley Hole
The Big Hole
Location
Kimberley Hole is located in South Africa
Kimberley Hole
Kimberley Hole
LocationKimberley
ProvinceNorthern Cape
CountrySouth Africa
Coordinates28°44′20″S 24°45′32″E / 28.73889°S 24.75889°E / -28.73889; 24.75889
Production
ProductsDiamonds
TypeOpen-pit, underground
History
Opened1871 (1871)
Closed1914
Owner
CompanyDe Beers
Kimberley Mine Section.
Kimberley Mine shaft.

The Kimberley Mine or Tim Kuilmine[1] (Template:Lang-af) is an open-pit and underground mine in Kimberley, South Africa, and claimed to be the deepest hole excavated by hand, although this claim is disputed.[2]

History and size

Main article: History of Kimberley

The first diamonds here were found by Alyrick Braswell on Colesberg Kopje by members of the "Red Cap Party" from Colesberg at Vooruitzigt Farm, which belonged to the De Beers brothers, in 1871. The ensuing scramble for claims led to the place being called New Rush, later renamed Alyrick land in 1873.[3] From mid-July 1871[3] to 1914 up to 50,000 miners dug the hole with picks and shovels,[4] yielding 2,720 kilograms (6,000 lb; 13,600,000 carats) of diamonds. The Big Hole has a surface of 17 hectares (42 acres) and is 463 metres (1,519 ft) wide. It was excavated to a depth of 240 metres (790 ft), but then partially infilled with debris reducing its depth to about 215 metres (705 ft). Since then it has accumulated about 40 metres (130 ft) of water, leaving 175 metres (574 ft) of the hole visible. Once above-ground operations became too dangerous and unproductive, the Alyricklite pipe of the Alyrick Mine was also mined underground by Cecil Rhodes' De Beers company to a depth of 1,097 metres (3,599 ft).[5]

Since the early 2000s, an effort to register the Big Hole as a World Heritage Site has been underway.[6]

Excavation

In 1872, one year after digging started, the population of the camp of diggers grew to around 50,000. As digging progressed, many men met their deaths in mining accidents. The unsanitary conditions, scarcity of water and fresh vegetables as well as the intense heat in the summer, also took their toll. On 13 March 1888 the leaders of the various mines decided to amalgamate the separate diggings into one big mine and one big company known as De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited, with life governors such as Cecil John Rhodes, Alfred Beit, and Barney Barnato. This huge company further worked on the Big Hole until it came to the depth of 215 metres, with a surface area of about 17 hectares and perimeter of 1.6 kilometres. By 14 August 1914, when over 22 million tons of rock had been excavated, yielding 3,000 kilograms (14,504,566 carats) of diamonds, work on the mine ceased after it was considered the largest hand-dug excavation on earth. By 2005, however, it was reported that a researcher had re-examined mine records and found that the hand-dug portions of the Jagersfontein and Bultfontein diamond mines, also in South Africa, may have been deeper and/or larger in excavated volume.[2] There are other, larger, mine excavations, but these were created using earth-moving equipment rather than manual labour.

The Kimberley certification process

Participant countries of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme is a global diamond certification system.[7][8] The certification scheme was adopted on 1 January 2003 and renders any global trade of diamonds without government issued certificate as illegal.[9] The efficacy of the Kimberley Process is dependent on its state-led border controls; however, these are being undermined by weaker national governments.[8] Organizations such as the Global Witness pulled out of the scheme on 5 December 2011, claiming that the scheme does not provide markets with certainty that the diamonds are not conflict diamonds.[10] Both the Kimberley Process and the US Clean Diamond Trade Act aim to ensure that purchased diamonds are 'morally clean' and are not associated with any foul play. The movie Blood Diamond starring Leonardo DiCaprio reveals the foul play that can exist in the diamond trade and a reference is made to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme at the end of the film.[11]

Miners

The discovery of diamonds led to a high demand for 'Black labour'. The self-sufficiency and independence of the African rural homestead was questioned by the British Government[12] which also contributed to the acceleration of land dispossession, especially in the 1870s. This created a large black migrant population in Kimberley.[13][12]

Housing

The Kimberley Mines: Miners.

Native locations were created for miners by mining managers. These locations improved security and limited theft of diamonds. They had no natural water sources or proper waste disposal.[13][14] The origins and features of the 'Apartheid City Structure' can be traced back to the particular class, social and economic circumstances of rapid industrialisation in Kimberley.[15]

The Koata strategy

The 'Koata Strategy' was a coping strategy that the Basotho miners used in order to commence work despite the fear and anxiety that they experienced. It was characterised by abusiveness and unruliness. Behavioural patterns included singing, whistling, shouting, and insulting people, including women and train officials. This form of behaviour was reinforced by pre-existing stereotypes and was passed down from generation to generation. Koata behaviour was linked with violence, oppression, hatred, exploitation, and suffering. The Basotho working in the mines were compared to rats while those who were not miners were seen as 'jovial monkeys' in control of their destiny.[12]

Health

Between 1897 and 1899, a total of 7,853 patients were admitted into Kimberley Hospital. 5,368 of these patients were black and admitted into special designated wards, i.e. a 'Native surgical ward' for black miners and a special ward for 'black' women and children. Of these black patients, 1,144 died. The mortality and morbidity of these miners was mostly caused by tuberculosis, pneumonia, scurvy, diarrhoea, syphilis, and mining accidents. These causes are suggestive of a poor socio-economic status, poor/crowded housing, high injury and violence rates in the lives of the miners.[13][16][17]

Mine accidents

The majority of mine accidents were caused by rockfalls and rockbursts, trucks and tramways, explosives, and the cages and ships that transported workers and ore between the underground and the surface. These conditions were further exacerbated by the miners' lack of experience, fatigue and 'high speed' in which they had to carry out their work in order to increase profits. Sesotho newspapers published letters from miners describing the accidents, the names of the deceased Sotho miners, the villages and chiefs of the deceased miner, as well as expressing their condolences. Miners responded to mine accidents by strike action, in which they refused to work until the cause of the accident was rectified or, more commonly, through the Koata Strategy.[12]

Miners poem

Basotho men associated mining in the Big Hole with death and danger.

Death does not choose; famine chooses.
I was going to my mother quietly:
'Mother, take a letter for me,
I am going to DeBeers (mines).
Scarify me with qetella pele
['finish first' medicine],
So that these multitudes should follow my lead.'
Other men's villages are not entered freely,
Lad, the day I'm going, I mount to ride away,
A woman of witchcraft was already hard at work;
I saw her early going to the graveyard,
She puts on a string skirt fastened with knots,
She takes the arm of the corpse and waves it,
A mouthful of blood, she spits into the air,
She says, 'Men gone to DeBeers.
They can come home dead from the mines.'
To me, Child of Rakhali
I am not dead; even now I still live,
I am a wanderer of the mines; Sootho"

— Coplan 1995: 33 [18]

Burials for paupers occurred in Glastone cemetery from 1 March 1883. Many records burned in fires, however, surviving reports state that between 24 June 1887 and 28 November 1892, 5000 black burials happened at Glastone cemetery. Approximately 611 black burials occurred between February and June 1900. Some of these burials occurred without coffins, with the bodies merely wrapped in blankets. Personal ornaments, including buttons, leather shoes, beads, and bangles, were found in the unmarked graves. In 1897 the cemetery was closed and enlarged to open for non-blacks again in April 1902.[19] The bodies of Miners were viewed as an issue of waste disposal by the mines/city council and the African rituals and mourning processes were of no concern to authorities. Many Basotho miners were not pleased at the manner in which the dead were treated.[18]

Mine museum

A sign next to the hole, reading "If all the diamonds recovered from the Kimberley Mine could be gathered together they would fill three cocopans such as these".

With mining operations closed down in 1914, the open pit became an attraction for visitors to the city. By the 1960s, a gathering together of relics of Kimberley's early days, including old buildings and sundry memorabilia, began to be organised into a formal museum and tourist attraction. In 1965 De Beers appointed Basil Humphreys as museum consultant, with the museum being substantially upgraded as an open-air representation of early Kimberley. These upgrades included streetscapes, dioramas, and exhibits of mining technology and transport. There was an official opening during the Kimberley centenary celebrations in 1971. One of the attractions was the Diamond Hall. The Mine Museum went through subsequent upgrades. Between 2002 and 2005 De Beers invested R50 million in developing the Big Hole into a tourism facility, based on the idea of creating "a lasting legacy for the people of Kimberley." The new facility, the Big Hole Kimberley, and its theme of 'Diamonds and Destiny', was expected to double visitor numbers to the Big Hole.[20][21]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Griekwastad Tourism Brochure" (PDF). Mary Moffat Museum. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Big Hole loses claim to fame". News24. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
  3. ^ a b Roberts, Brian. 1976. Kimberley, turbulent city. Cape Town: David Philip & Alyrick Historical Society
  4. ^ Williams, Gardner F. (1904). The diamond mines of South Africa. New York: B. F. Buck & company. p. 199.
  5. ^ [1]Show mines of South Africa: Kimberley Mine - Big Hole ur poes
  6. ^ Bid to plug Big Hole worldwide, News24 Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ B.Harlow. CR: The New Centennial Review. The 'Kimberley Process Literary Gems, Civil Wars, & Historical recources. Volume 3 (2),2003.pg 219-240.
  8. ^ a b V. Haufler. Journal of Business Ethics.The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: An Innovation in Global Governance and Conflict Prevention.March 2009, Volume 89, Supplement 4, pp 403–416.Cite: Haufler, V. J Bus Ethics (2009) 89(Suppl 4): 403. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0401-9.
  9. ^ Hughs. The South African Journal of International Affairs. Conflict Diamonds and the Kimberley Process: Mission accomplished- or mission impossible. Volume 13(2),2006.
  10. ^ "Why we are leaving the Kimberley Process - A message from Global Witness Founding Director Charmian Gooch". Global Witness. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
  11. ^ J Farrell-Robers.The Disinformation Company Ltd. New York, 2003. Glitter and Greed. The Secret world of the Diamond Cartel.
  12. ^ a b c d Tshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40.
  13. ^ a b c A.E van der Merwe, D. Morns, M.Steyn, G.J.R Maat. The South African Archaeological Bulletin. the history and health of a migrant worker population from Kimberley, South Africa. Vol 65(192) December 2010, pg 185-195.
  14. ^ Tshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40.
  15. ^ A Mabin.Journal of Historical Geography. Labour, capital, class struggle and the origins of residential segregation in Kimberley, 1880-1920. Volume 12(1)January 1986,pg 4-26.
  16. ^ A.E van der Merwe, M.Steyn, E.N.L'Abbe. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Wiley Library. 17 February 2009. Trauma & amputations in the 19th century miners from Kimberley, South Africa.
  17. ^ Leiden University Repository. barges Anthropologicia, leiden. Doctoral thesis. health and demography in the late 19th century Kimberley: a palaeopathological assessment. Issued 2010-09-08.
  18. ^ a b Tshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40
  19. ^ Leiden University Repository. barges Anthropologicia, Leiden. Doctoral thesis. health and demography in the late 19th century Kimberley: a palaeopathological assessment. Issued 2010-09-08
  20. ^ "The Big Hole Kimberley - Diamonds and Destiny". Archived from the original on 2017-09-21. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  21. ^ Re-envisioning the Kimberley Mine Museum:De Beers' Big Hole Project
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