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Georges Kopp

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Georges Kopp
Georges Kopp, London 1944, courtesy of Quentin Kopp
Born
Georges Kopp

10 October 1902
St. Petersburg
Died15 July 1951
Marseille
NationalityBelgian by education
Occupation(s)Engineer, Soldier, Inventor
Spouse
1 - Germaine Warnotte
​
​
(m. 1925; div. 1935)​
2 - Doreen née Hunton
​
​
(m. 1944)​
Childrensix sons and two daughters
Parent(s)Alexander Kopp (doctor) and Henrietta née Neimann

Georges Kopp was a Belgian educated engineer and inventor of Russian descent, who volunteered in the fight against Nazism and is best known for his friendship with George Orwell, whom he commanded in the Spanish Civil War.

The Engineer

Georges Kopp was born in St. Petersburg to Russian parents with Ashkenazi Jewish origins.[1] In 1909, the family fled Tzarist Russia and settled close to Brussels in Schaerbeek. The family moved again in 1915 to Lausanne, before returning to Schaerbeek in 1920, where Kopp studied Civil Engineering at the Université libre de Bruxelles.[2] In 1921, Kopp’s father died leaving the family in debt and forcing Kopp to interrupt his studies to earn money, working as an engineer to support his family, initially living with his mother in Schaerbeek.

Kopp worked for a firm of heating manufacturers (Société Chaurobel) from 1923 until 1932.[3][4] In 1925, he married Germaine Warnotte, the daughter of a prominent socialist and together they raised five children over the next ten years. The onset of the Great Depression resulted in Kopp being laid off from work in 1933. He struggled to make a living as a consultant, running up bills and allegedly having affairs. Germaine, discovering his infidelity, divorced him in 1935. The following year, after an argument with his mother, Kopp left for France to consider his future, overwhelmed with regret and missing his family.[5]

The Soldier

Spanish Civil War

In October 1936, Kopp crossed the border from France into Spain and volunteered as an officer[n 1] for the Republicans by joining the POUM militia column.[6] He first saw active service on the Aragon front near Zaragoza,[7] followed by Huesca.[8] In December, the POUM militia was absorbed into the Catalan Army and later became the 29th Division. George Orwell crossed in to Spain in the same month, joining the 29th Division with Kopp as his brigade commander.[9] Orwell describes how his “commandante” (Kopp) lead them to the front in January 1937[10] and the various acts of personal bravery that followed over the next 115 days at the front.[11][12] Orwell and Kopp developed a close working relationship over this period, establishing lasting mutual trust and respect.[13][14] There were inconsistencies in Kopp’s account of his background, which Orwell was aware of but chose to overlook, because he trusted him where it mattered, as a camarada.[15]

Kopp and Orwell left the front late in April 1937 for rest & relaxation in Barcelona and became caught up in Barcelona May Days as Government Guards moved against the Anarchists. Kopp risked his life to stop the fighting at the Café Moka,[16] but the ideological war within the republican movement was to end in disaster for Kopp. Orwell had been joined in Barcelona by his wife Eileen, who was working with the ILP Contingent of British volunteers attached to POUM.[17] It is widely believed that Eileen had a relationship with Kopp at this time,[18] as the Orwells had a “somewhat open marriage”.[19] Orwell returned to the trenches and was shot through the throat by a sniper’s bullet, ending his participation in the war. Kopp was on hand to help his friend[20] but returned to the front to participate in the Battle of Chimillas.[21]

In June, Kopp decided to leave the POUM, securing a testimonial letter describing him “as a person of confidence” by General Pozas,[22] who was commanding the Army in the East. He travelled to Valencia to register his new position as an engineer, having risen to become captain in the general staff of the 45th Mixed Brigade of the Spanish Republican Army.[23] On the 16th of June, the POUM was declared illegal, resulting in its members, and former members, being arrested and thrown into jail. Purges against the POUM raged through Barcelona in secret to stop the news getting to the front where the POUM was still holding the line. Kopp had been advised to remain in Valencia to allow the dust to settle,[24] which he ignored, possibly because he had “simply not taken it seriously enough”.[25] He was arrested as soon as he arrived at his hotel in Barcelona, his papers confiscated, and imprisoned under appalling conditions. Orwell and Eileen visited Kopp in jail, immediately recognising the importance of the letter. Orwell successfully traced the letter to the chief of police and managed to get it transferred to military authorities, exposing himself to arrest in the process.[26] The last time Orwell saw Kopp in Spain was on 22nd June, 1937, the day before he and Eileen slipped across the border in to France.[27]

Kopp was one of thousands of volunteers who fought in Spain to oppose fascism and was imprisoned by its own side for no reason,[28] under the banner of an ideological purge imposed by the NKVD directed by Stalin. Kopp was interrogated, tortured and moved between prisons, detention camps in and around Barcelona for the next 18 months, largely out of sight.[29]

World War II

Georges Kopp, French Foreign Legion 1939, courtesy of Quentin Kopp

Kopp was released in December 1938 a free man but in a severely reduced state, flying to Toulouse before making his way to Brussels to see his daughter.[30] He had survived by building stories around himself,[31] accused by the Communists of being a Trotskyist and dismissed by Trotsky himself as politically “centrist”.[32] Whatever his allegiance, Kopp was anti-fascist in a Europe that was on the brink of War against fascism.

Kopp sought refuge in England in March 1939, in part at the invitation of Orwell. He stayed with Eileen’s brother and sister-in-law Gwen, where he was gradually nursed back to health.[33] In May, he left London for Paris.[34]

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Kopp joined the French Foreign Legion as a corporal and fought in the Battle of France in May–June 1940, barely surviving the Blitzkrieg that many of his comrades did not.[35] Kopp was severely wounded and made prisoner but escaped from a military hospital and was able to rejoin his unit, now a defeated army, just outside of Marseilles in August.[36] The following month, Kopp was transferred to Foreign Legion headquarters in Algeria, where he was invalided out of the army and was awarded an 80% pension.

The Inventor

Spy

Kopp set out to work as an engineer in Marseilles, in Vichy France early 1941, where he remained for two and a half years working on a method for distilling synthetic oil from lignite, common in that part of France.[37] It is possible that the project was supported by the French admiralty under the control of French Intelligence. Kopp himself remained ambivalent about whether working on this technology would actually help the Nazis but over the next year, he expanded his Vichy network, whilst simulataneously courting British Intelligence. In March of 1943, Kopp suspended development of synthetic oil because of the “high risk of the Germans wiping out the Vichy Government”. MI5, who had been monitoring his activities, decided to use his network on the recommendations of Major Antony Blunt, who became Kopp’s controller.[38] By June 1943, Kopp had created a new cover role as a consulting engineer for the Vichy Ministry of Industrial Production, allowing him to increase his network of operatives further; in effect, Kopp was a double agent from that moment.[n 2]

In August 1943, the Gestapo arrested one of Kopp’s operatives. The following month, another operative failed to show at a pre-arranged meeting; the noose was tightening. Kopp was given the order to cease operations and a week later, he arrived in London for demobilisation.[39]

Civilian

Sample of "Baby Buggy" design by Georges Kopp, 1949 - courtesy of Quentin Kopp

Kopp initially moved back in with the O’Shaughnessys[40], where he met Gwen’s sister, Doreen Hunton. MI5 held out some hope for retaining Kopp’s services and helped him to settle, securing work for him as an engineer, arranging his papers and finding him somewhere to live.[41] In February 1944, Kopp moved to a flat in Canonbury Square and the following month, he married Doreen,[42] witnessed by his friend George Orwell.[43] A few months later, Orwell and Eileen also moved in to a flat in Canonbury Square a few doors down from the Kopps with their newly adopted son, Richard.[44] Doreen had their first child in February 1945 but the family idyll was shattered a few weeks later when Eileen, who had taken Richard to stay at her family home in County Durham, tragically died. After the funeral, Orwell brought his son back to Canonbury Square to stay with the Kopps until he could arrange for a fulltime nurse, and returned to Europe.[45]

Kopp moved his family to Toftcombs House at the end of 1945, a radical change from town life to that of a “gentleman farmer” living in grand style, with a small holding of animals on the estate. He worked as an engineer for a small factory in Edinburgh, but the income was never enough to sustain life at Toftcombs. This was the time when Kopp turned once again to innovation, creating designs and filing patents for a string of innovative creations.[46] Unfortunately, his capacity to invent devices for modern living convenience were not matched by his ability to commercialise them, which inevitably lead to financial difficulty. Over the next few years, Kopp’s family expanded, but he was forced to sell Toftcombs and move to a series of temporary homes, haunted by the promise of contracts for his inventions that never materialised, which were taking a toll on his health.[47]

In January 1950, Orwell died. Two months later, Kopp moved his family to France, bolstered by continued promises from potential investors in his designs. Kopp died suddenly in July 1951, arguably doing what engineers love doing best: de-constructing a complex mechanical device.[n 3] There remains no trace of his grave.[48]

Notes

  1. ^ In 1936, the POUM militia operated under a structureless flat hierarchy, with no obvious distinction between officer and private soldier. It would have been easy for a skilled linguist like Kopp to assume a position of authority translating commands down the line in an international fighting force with no common language
  2. ^ Arguably, Kopp could not back away from French intelligence without drawing attention to his enrolment with British intelligence.
  3. ^ A clock

References

  1. ^ Kopp and Wildemeersch. "The Enigma of George Kopp". George Talks. The Orwell Society. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  2. ^ Wildemeersch, Marc (2013). George Orwell’s Commander in Spain: The Enigma of Georges Kopp. London: Thames River Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780857281982.
  3. ^ MI 5, 17 Sept 1943, Document reference HS9/858/8, National Archives London.
  4. ^ National Archives Kew, HS9/858/8, Kopp's personal SOE-file
  5. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. pp2-5
  6. ^ Beevor, Antony (June 2006). The Battle for Spain - THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936-1939. London: Penguin. p. 277. ISBN 9780143037651.
  7. ^ Kopp, Georges (15 January 1939). "Un escape de geoles staliniennes, George Kopp". No. Yr III, No. 61. L'Espagne Nouvelles. L'Espagne Nouvelles.
  8. ^ Durgan, A (1992). "Revolutionary History: The Spanish Civil War: The view from the left". No. 291. Socialist Platform. London: Socialist Platform.
  9. ^ Orwell, George (1938). Homage to Catalonia (Penguin - 1989 ed.). London: Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd. ISBN 9780141183053.
  10. ^ Orwell, 1938, Op. Cit. pp17-18
  11. ^ Orwell, 1938, Op. Cit. - Chapters III to VII
  12. ^ Edwards, Robert (13 August 1937). "Soldier of Socialism". New Leader. New Leader. p. 2.
  13. ^ ibid
  14. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. - Chapter II
  15. ^ Davison, Peter (2013). "Epilogue". In Wildemeersch, Marc - "George Orwell's Commander in Spain - The Enigma of Georges Kopp": 133–116.
  16. ^ Orwell, 1938, Op. Cit. p115
  17. ^ Letter to Eileen Blair April 1937 in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p. 296 (Penguin)
  18. ^ Bowker, Gordon (2003). Orwell. London: St. Martin's Press. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-0-349-11551-1.
  19. ^ Wilson, Frances. "The sacrifices of George Orwell's first wife". New Statesman. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  20. ^ Bowker, 2003, Op. Cit. p221
  21. ^ Davison (editor), Peter (2001). Orwell in Spain. London: Penguin. pp. 123–125. ISBN 9780141185163. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ Orwell, 1938, Op. Cit. p161
  23. ^ Ramón Salas Larrazabal|Salas Larrazábal, Ramón. Historia del Ejército popular de la República, Madrid, Editora Nacional, 1973, page 3440
  24. ^ Murray, David (13 August 1937). "Article". New Leader. New Leader. p. 2.
  25. ^ Orwell, 1938, Op. Cit. p171
  26. ^ Bowker, 2003, Op. Cit. p224
  27. ^ Orwell, 1938, Op. Cit. pp182-186
  28. ^ Anon, Anon (13 August 1937). "To the Militant Revolutionaries of all Countries". Lutte Ouvrière. Lutte Ouvrière. p. 2.
  29. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. – Chapter 4 “The Revolution Eats its Children”, p46
  30. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. p66
  31. ^ Stradling, Rob (October 2010). "The Spies Who Loved Them". Intelligence and National Security. 25 (5): 638–655.
  32. ^ Letter from Leon Trotsky to Harry Milton about Kopp, dated 14 February, 1939
  33. ^ Orwell, Sonia (1968). The Collected Essays, Journalism And Letters of George Orwell Volume 1: An Age Like This 1920-1940. London: Penguin. p. 263. ISBN 9780140187113.
  34. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. p69
  35. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. – Chapter 7 “I Want to Live Grand and Gloriously” pp71-76
  36. ^ National Archives Kew, HS9/858/8, Kopp's personal SOE-file, Letter from Kopp to O’Shaughnessy, 17 December, 1941
  37. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. p78
  38. ^ National Archives Kew, HS9/858/8, Kopp's personal SOE-file
  39. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. p89
  40. ^ Gwen O’Shaughnessy was Eileen’s sister-in-law in Greenwich – her husband had died at Dunkirk
  41. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. p992-93
  42. ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  43. ^ General Register Office, Marriage Certificate, District of Greenwich 10th March, 1944
  44. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. p89
  45. ^ Meyers, Jeffrey (2000). ORWELL - Wintry Conscience of a Generation. New York: Norton. p. 238. ISBN 9780393322637.
  46. ^ Kopp, Quentin (October 2012). "My Father George Kopp, George Orwell's Commander in Spain". The Orwell Society Newsletter. 2: 5–8.
  47. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit. pp95-97
  48. ^ Wildemeersch, 2013, Op. Cit., pp106-112

Sources


Further Reading

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