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1985 Beirut car bombings

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March 1985 Beirut car bombing
Part of Lebanese Civil War
LocationBeirut
Date8 March 1985
TargetMohammed Hussein Fadlallah
Attack type
Car bombing, attempted assassination
Deaths80[1]
Injured~200

On 8 March 1985, a car bomb exploded between 9[2] and 45 metres[3] from the house of Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah in Beirut, Lebanon, in a failed assassination attempt by a counter terrorism unit linked to the Central Intelligence Agency.[4] The bombing killed 80 people and injured 200, almost all civilians.[2][1]

The bombing was followed by three similar incidents which occurred in Beirut also on 22 May, 14 August and 18 August 1985.[5]

The blast

The bomb explosion, estimated to have been equivalent to 200 kg (440 lbs) of dynamite,[2] occurred in the western Beirut suburb of Bir al-Abed, outside an apartment building. It killed worshippers, mostly women and girls, leaving Friday prayer services at an adjacent mosque, and destroyed two 7-story apartment buildings and a cinema.[6]

While several of Fadlallah's bodyguards were killed in the attack, the cleric escaped injury as he was attending Friday prayers at a nearby mosque.[6]

Locals fired guns in the air, following the blast, trying to clear the roads to allow ambulances to pass.[7] A banner was strung across the blast site by locals, reading "Made in USA."[8]

Historical context

In 1976, Gerald Ford became the first U.S. president to forbid political assassination, in the wake of the Church Commission,[9] issuing Executive Order 11905.[10] In 1981, President Ronald Reagan strengthened the policy with Executive Order 12333, which decreed that "No person employed by or acting on behalf of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, assassination." This Executive Order remains in effect today.[10][11]

The Beirut car bombing occurred "within the continuously evolving framework of an American 'preemption' counterterror program".[9] Following the 1983 United States embassy bombing and the 1984 U.S. embassy annex bombing, the U.S. military considered a range of retaliatory options, but it was unclear that these would have any deterrent value. On 14 November 1983, Then-president Ronald Reagan authorized a retaliatory strike, but Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger did not authorize U.S. aircraft to take off for reasons that have not been disclosed.[12] CIA director William Casey, along with CIA General Counsel Stanley Sporkin, favored the use of preemptive counter-terrorism practices in Lebanon; others, including Deputy Director of Central Intelligence John N. McMahon, did not approve of the strategy, concerned that it would violate Executive Order 12333.[9]

Responsibility

In June 1985, the Washington Post reported that a CIA supported counter terrorism unit made up of Lebanese Intelligence officers and others was responsible for the bombing. They reported that the bombing was not authorized by the CIA and that they had no direct links to the bombers.[4] The CIA denied any involvement in the bombing.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Fadlallah would later suggest the amount $3,000,000 as the price that had been offered by the Saudis for Casey to arrange the bombing.[13] Woodward suggests that Fadlallah accepted $2 million from the Saudis to stop attacks from Hezbollah.[14] Asked about the allegations, President Reagan responded, "Never would I sign anything that would authorize an assassination... I never have, and I never will, and I didn't."[14]

The U.S. National Security Advisor, Robert McFarlane, stated that those responsible for the bomb may have had American training, but asserted that they were "rogue operative[s]," and the CIA in no way sanctioned or supported the attack.[15] Woodward's own account of his conversation with Casey suggests that Casey's action was "off the books".[14] [16]

Several Lebanese politicians, such as Selim Hoss, blamed Israel for the attack, saying: "there is no doubt that Israel is behind this ugly crime".[17] Hezbollah claimed that it had found a network of cooperation between the CIA, the Mossad, the Lebanese Army and the Kataeb Party.[18]

Aftermath

A car bomb on 22 May killed 48 people. Another on 14 August killed 15 people. Another on 18 August went off in a Christian suburb of East Beirut and caused the death of fifty people. It was one of the worst explosions to take place in the city's east, which was relatively calm compared to the west.[5]

A former CIA operative maintains that the failed 1985 attempt tarnished the CIA's reputation.[19]

In Literature

The car bombing is described in Ken Follet's 2014 historical novel "Edge of Eternity" (Chapter 57).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ap (23 May 1985). "CIA Denies Part in Bombing". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "60 killed by Beirut car bomb". The Guardian. London. 9 March 1985. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  3. ^ Davis, Mike (18 April 2006). "A history of the car bomb (Part 2): Car bombs with wings". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ a b Ap (12 May 1985). "C.I.A. LINKED TO BEIRUT BOMB (Published 1985)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ a b Smith, William E. (27 May 1985). "Lebanon Blackmail in Beirut". Time. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
  7. ^ "1985: Beirut car bomb kills dozens". BBC News. 8 March 1985. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  8. ^ Bovard, James (9 June 2004). "Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  9. ^ a b c Chasdi, Richard J. "An Analysis of Counterterror Practice Failure: The Case of the Fadlallah Assassination Attempt" Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Project on National Security Reform. Accessed 31 March 2011.
  10. ^ a b Hosmer, Stephen T. Operations Against Enemy Leaders. 2001, page 10.
  11. ^ Addicott, Jeffrey F. Terrorism Law: The Rule of Law and the War on Terror. 2004, page 155.
  12. ^ Micah Zenko (9 October 2012). "Don't Just 'Do Something'". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  13. ^ Cochrane, Paul (5 July 2004). "Will U.S. Foreign Policy Increase Terrorism?". World Press. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  14. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference time was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "target america: terrorist attacks on americans, 1979–1988". PBS. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
  16. ^ "Target America: Interview: Bob Woodward". PBS. September 2001. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  17. ^ Hijazi, Ihsan A.; Times, Special To the New York (9 March 1985). "CAR BOMB KILLS 62 OUTSIDE BEIRUT NEAR HOME OF A TOP SHIITE CLERIC". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  18. ^ Boustany, Nora (6 March 1988). "BEIRUT BOMB'S LEGACY SUSPICION AND TEARS". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  19. ^ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/02/10/qassem-suleimani-and-how-nations-decide-to-kill

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