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Scratch (programming language)

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This article is about the programming language. For other uses, see Scratch (disambiguation).

Scratch
Scratch logo
File:Scratch 3.0 GUI.png
ParadigmEvent-driven, block-based programming language
First appeared2003 (2003) (first prototype)
2004 (2004) (second prototype)
May 15, 2007; 17 years ago (2007-05-15) (public launch)[1]
May 9, 2013; 11 years ago (2013-05-09) (Scratch 2.0)
January 2, 2019; 5 years ago (2019-01-02) (Scratch 3.0)
Implementation languageSqueak (Scratch 0.x, 1.x)
ActionScript (Scratch 2.0)
JavaScript (Scratch 3.0)
OSMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Linux (via renderer), HTML5, iOS, iPadOS, and Android.
LicenseGPLv2 and Scratch Source Code License
Filename extensions.scratch (Scratch 0.x)
.sb, .sprite (Scratch 1.x)
.sb2, .sprite2 (Scratch 2.0)
.sb3, .sprite3 (Scratch 3.0)
Websitescratch.mit.edu Official Wiki: scratch-wiki.info
Influenced by
Logo, Smalltalk, HyperCard, StarLogo, Etoys
Influenced
Catrobat,[2] ScratchJr,[3] Snap!,[4][5] mBlock

Scratch is a block-based visual programming language and website targeted primarily at children 8-16 as an educational tool for coding.[6][7] Users of the site can create projects on the web using a block-like interface. The service is developed by the MIT Media Lab, has been translated into 70+ languages, and is used in most parts of the world.[8] Scratch is taught and used in after-school centers, schools, and colleges, as well as other public knowledge institutions. As of March 2021, community statistics on the language's official website show more than 73 million projects shared by over 68 million users, and almost 38 million monthly website visits.[8]

Scratch takes its name from a technique used by disk jockeys called "scratching", where vinyl records are clipped together and manipulated on a turntable to produce different sound effects and music. Like scratching, the website lets users mix together different media (including graphics, sound, and other programs) in creative ways by creating and remixing projects, like video games, animations, and simulations.[9][10] An example of a project would be Sonic Frenzy, a Game made by the user -Rocket-.

Scratch 3.0

User interface

The Scratch interface is divided into three main sections: a stage area, block palette, and a coding area to place and arrange the blocks into scripts that can be run by pressing the green flag or clicking on the code itself. Users may also create their own code blocks and they will appear in "My Blocks".

File:Scratch 3.0.jpg
The Scratch 3.0 development environment on startup.

The stage area features the results (e.g., animations, turtle graphics, either in a small or normal size, with a full-screen option also available) and all sprites thumbnails being listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and y coordinates, with 0,0 being the stage center.[11]

With a sprite selected at the bottom of the staging area, blocks of commands can be applied to it by dragging them from the block palette into the coding area. The Costumes tab allows users to change the look of the sprite in order to create various effects, including animation.[11] The Sounds tab allows attaching sounds and music to a sprite.[12]

When creating sprites and backgrounds, users can draw their own sprite manually,[11] choose a Sprite from the library, or upload an image.[12]

The table below shows the categories of the programming blocks:

Category Notes Category Notes
Motion Movements of sprites like angles and position Sensing Sprites can interact with the surroundings
Looks Controls the visuals of the sprite Operators Mathematical operators, comparisons
Sound Plays audio files and effects Variables Variable and List usage and assignment
Events Event handlers My Blocks Allows defining functions which have no return value
Control Conditionals and loops etc. Extensions Explained below

Offline editing

An offline "Desktop editor" for Scratch 3 is available for Microsoft Windows 10 in the Microsoft Store and Apple's macOS 10.13;[13] this allows the creation and playing of Scratch programs offline. The offline editor can also be downloaded in previous versions, such as Scratch 2.0 and Scratch 1.4.

Extensions

In Scratch, extensions add extra blocks and features that can be used in projects. In Scratch 2.0 and 3.0, the extensions were all hardware-based. Software-based extensions were added in Scratch 3.0, such as text-to-speech voices, along with some new hardware-based extensions like the micro:bit. The extensions are listed below.

Music, Pen, Video Sensing, Text to Speech, Translate, BBC Micro:bit, LEGO Mindstorms EV3, LEGO WeDo 2.0, Makey Makey, LEGO SPIKE Prime, LEGO BOOST, and Go Direct Force & Acceleration

Physical

  • Lego Mindstorms EV3 – control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego Mindstorms EV3
  • Makey Makey – use the Makey Makey to control projects
  • Lego Education WeDo 2.0 – control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego WeDo
  • Lego Education SPIKE Prime—The main programming language for the Lego SPIKE Prime, including motor control and receiving sensor data
  • BBC micro:bit – use of a BBC micro:bit to control projects
  • Lego BOOST – bring robotic creations to life
  • Go Direct Force & Acceleration – Sense pull, push, motion, and spin.

Digital

Many of the digital extensions in Scratch 3.0 used to be regular block categories that were moved to the extensions section to reduce clutter. These include:

  • Music – Play digital instruments (drums, trumpets, violins, pianos and more)
  • Pen – Draw on the Stage with a variety of thicknesses and color
  • Video Sensing – Detect motion with the camera.

New digital extensions have also been added in collaborations with commercial companies. These include:

Users can also create their own extensions for Scratch 3.0 using JavaScript.[14]

Code base

Scratch 3.0 is a completely new JavaScript-based codebase made up of multiple components such as "Scratch-GUI," now based on a library from Blockly,[15] "Scratch-VM," which interprets code, and "Scratch-Render," the rendering engine.[16] The Scratch Blocks are made using Blockly.[17]

Community of users

File:Scratch (programming language) 2007.PNG
The Scratch website after the release of public project sharing in late 2007

Scratch is used in many different settings: schools, museums, libraries, community centers, and homes.[18][19][9] Although Scratch's target group is 8–16-year-old school pupils,[20] it is used by all ages including educators and parents. This wide outreach has created many surrounding communities, both physical and digital.[8] In April 2020, the Tiobe ranking of the world's programming languages included Scratch into the top 20. According to Tiobe, there are 50 million projects written in Scratch, and every month one million new projects are added.[21]

Educational users

Scratch is popular in the United Kingdom and United States through Code Clubs. Scratch is used as the introductory language because the creation of interesting programs is relatively easy, and skills learned can be applied to other programming languages such as Python and Java.

File:Comparison of Scratch 1.4 and Scratch 2.png
Comparison of Scratch 1.4 and Scratch 2

Scratch is not exclusively for creating games. With the provided visuals, programmers can create animations, text, stories, music, and more. There are already many programs which students can use to learn topics in math, history, and even photography. Scratch allows teachers to create conceptual and visual lessons and science lab assignments with animations that help visualize difficult concepts. Within the social sciences, instructors can create quizzes, games, and tutorials with interactive elements. Using Scratch allows young people to understand the logic of programming and how to creatively build and collaborate.[22]

Scratch is taught to more than 800 schools and 70 colleges of DAV organization in India and across the world.[23][24]

In higher education, Scratch is used in the first week of Harvard University's CS50 introductory computer science course.[25][26]

Online community

"Jumper", an example of a game created with Scratch 2.0
"Abyss", an example of a game created with Scratch 3.0

On Scratch, members have the capability to share their projects and get feedback. Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and any member of the community can download the full source code to study or to remix into new projects.[27][28] Members can also create project studios, comment, tag, favorite, and "love" others' projects, follow other members to see their projects and activity, and share ideas. Projects range from games to animations to practical tools. Additionally, to encourage creation and sharing amongst users, the website frequently establishes "Scratch Design Studio" challenges.[29]

The MIT Scratch Team works to ensure that this community maintains a friendly and respectful environment for all people.[30][31]

Educators have their own online community called ScratchEd, developed and supported by the Harvard Graduate School of Education. In this community, Scratch educators share stories, exchange resources, and ask questions.[32]

Scratch Wiki

The Scratch Wiki is a support resource for Scratch and its website, history, and phenomena surrounding it. Although supported by the Scratch Team (developers of Scratch), it is primarily written by Scratchers (users of Scratch) for information regarding the program and website.[33] It is available at en.scratch-wiki.info.[33]

Developers

Both Scratch 2.0 and 3.0 are open source on GitHub,[34] and developers may contribute to Scratch.[35]

Events

Scratch Educators can gather in person at Scratch Educator Meetups. At these gatherings, Scratch Educators learn from each other and share ideas and strategies that support computational creativity.[36]

An annual "Scratch Day" is declared in May each year. Community members are encouraged to host an event on or around this day, large or small, that celebrates Scratch. These events are held worldwide, and a listing can be found on the Scratch Day website.[37]

History

In 2003, Mitchel Resnick, Yasmin Kafai, and John Maeda were awarded a National Science Foundation grant for the development of a new programming environment for children to express themselves with code.[38] The MIT Media Lab's Lifelong Kindergarten group, led by Mitchel Resnick, in partnership Yasmin Kafai's team at UCLA worked closely with Computer Clubhouses in Boston and Los Angeles to develop Scratch, grounding its design in the practices and social dynamics of these after-school youth centers.[38] It started as a basic coding language, with no labeled categories and no green flag.[39] Scratch was made with the intention to teach kids to code.[39]

The philosophy of Scratch encourages the sharing, reuse, and combination of code, as indicated by the team slogan, "Imagine, Program, Share".[40] Users can make their own projects, or they may choose to "remix" someone else's project. Projects created and remixed with Scratch are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.[41] Scratch automatically gives credit to the user who created the original project and program in the top part.[9]

Scratch was developed based on ongoing interaction with youth and staff at Computer Clubhouses. The use of Scratch at Computer Clubhouses served as a model for other after-school centers demonstrating how informal learning settings can support the development of technological fluency.[42]

File:Scratch.mit.edu Homepage.JPG
The 2.0 Scratch Homepage

Scratch 2.0 was released on May 9, 2013.[11] The update changed the look of the site and included both an online project editor and an offline editor.[43] Custom blocks could now be defined within projects, along with several other improvements.[44] The Scratch 2.0 Offline editor could be downloaded for Windows, Mac and Linux directly from Scratch's website, although support for Linux was later dropped. The unofficial mobile version had to be downloaded from the Scratch forums.[45][46]

The 3.0 Scratch Homepage

Scratch 3.0 was first announced by the Scratch Team in 2016. Several public alpha versions were released between then and January 2018, after which the pre-beta "Preview" versions were released.[47] A beta version of Scratch 3.0 was released on 1 August 2018[48] for use on most browsers; with the notable exception of Internet Explorer.[49]

Scratch 3.0, the first 3.x release version, was released on 2 January 2019.[50]

Filetypes

In version 1.4, an .sb file was the file format used to store projects.[51]

An .sb file is divided into four sections:

  • "header", this 10-byte header contains the ASCII string 'ScratchV02' in versions higher than 1.2, and 'ScratchV01' in versions 1.2 and below
  • "infoSize", encodes the length of the project's infoObjects. A four-byte long, 32-bit, big-Endian integer.
  • "infoObjects", a dictionary-format data section. It contains: "thumbnail", a thumbnail of the project's stage; "author", the username of the project's creator; "comment", the Project Notes; "history", the save and upload log; "scratch-version", the version of Scratch used to save the file;
  • "contents", an object table with the Stage as the root. All objects in the program are stored here as references.

Version 2.0 uses the .sb2 file format. These are zip files containing a .json file as well as the contents of the Scratch project including sounds (stored as .wav) and images (stored as .png).[52] Each filetype, excluding the project.json, is stored as a number, starting at 0 and counting up with each additional file. The image file labeled '0.png' is always a 480x360 white image, but '0.wav' will still be the earliest non-deleted file.

The ScratchX experimental version of Scratch used the .sbx file format.[53]

Scratch 3.0 uses the .sb3 format, which is very similar to .sb2.[54], one difference being the sound.

Older versions

File:Scratch 2.0 Default screen.png
Scratch 2.0 development environment and its different areas at startup

Although the main Scratch website now runs only the current version (3.0), the offline editors for Scratch 2.0 (and the earlier 1.4) are still available for download[55] and can be used to create and run games locally.[citation needed][56] It is still possible to upload projects from the 2.0 launcher, which are immediately converted into 3.0 when uploaded to the main site.[57] There is also an offline version of Scratch 3.0.

Technology

The editor of Scratch 1.4 and below was written in Squeak.[58] Its online project viewer was written in Java, and a player written in Adobe Flash was later added.[59] Scratch 2.0 relied on Adobe Flash for the online version, and Adobe AIR for the offline editor. These have fallen out of favor,[60] and Adobe has dropped support for them at the end of 2020.[61]

Interface

A script that lets the sprite say Hello, World! then stops the script in Scratch 2.0

In Scratch 2.0, the stage area is on the left side, with the programming blocks palette in the middle the coding area on the right. Extensions are in the "More blocks" section of palette.[7]

The blocks palette in Scratch 2.0 is made of discrete sections that are not scrollable from one to the next; the table below shows the different sections:

Category Notes Category Notes
Motion Moves and changes position of sprites Events Event handlers
Looks Controls the visuals of the sprite Control Conditionals and loops
Sound Audio files, sequences Sensing Sprite interaction
Pen Draw on the canvas Operators Mathematical operators
Data Variables and Arrays More Blocks Functions, return value is always void

1.4 sounds

Scratch 2.0 changed how sounds were imported, so many 1.4 sounds stopped working. (The sound file was changed from .sb to .sb2).

Extensions

An example of the Scratch 3 Extensions Page.

In Scratch 2.0, extensions were all hardware based.

Features and derivatives

Scratch uses event-driven programming with multiple active objects called sprites.[11] Sprites can be drawn, as vector or bitmap graphics, from scratch in a simple editor that is part of Scratch, or can be imported from external sources. Scratch 3 only supports one-dimensional arrays, known as "lists", and floating point scalars and strings are supported, but with limited string manipulation ability. There is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather limited scope of the Scratch programming language.

The 2.0 version of Scratch does not treat procedures as first class structures and has limited file I/O options with Scratch 2.0 Extension Protocol, an experimental extension feature that allows interaction between Scratch 2.0 and other programs.[62] The Extension protocol allows interfacing with hardware boards such as Lego Mindstorms[63] or Arduino.[64] Version 2 of Scratch was implemented in ActionScript, with an experimental JavaScript-based interpreter being developed in parallel.[65]

Version 1.4 of Scratch was based on Squeak, which is based on Smalltalk-80.[58] A number of Scratch derivatives[66] called Scratch Modifications have been created using the source code of Scratch version 1.4. These programs are a variant of Scratch that normally include a few extra blocks or changes to the GUI.[67]

Snap! (Build Your Own Blocks)

A more advanced visual programming language inspired by Scratch is Snap!, featuring first class procedures (their mathematical foundations are called also lambda calculus), first class lists (including lists of lists), and first class truly object oriented sprites with prototyping inheritance, and nestable sprites, which are not part of Scratch.[68] Snap! (previously "BYOB") was developed by Jens Mönig[69][70] with documentation provided by Brian Harvey[71][72] from University of California, Berkeley and has been used to teach "The Beauty and Joy of Computing" introductory course in CS for non-CS-major students.[73] Both of them were members of the Scratch Team before designing "Snap!".[74][7]

ScratchJr

In July 2014, ScratchJr was released for iPad, and in 2016, ScratchJr for Android. Although heavily inspired by Scratch and co-led by Mitch Resnick, it is nonetheless a complete rewrite designed for younger children—targeting ages 5–8.[75]

Censorship

In August 2020, GreatFire announced that the Chinese government has blocked access to the Scratch website. At the time, it was estimated that more than 3 million people from China were using it.[76][77] Later, a state-run Chinese outlet states that Scratch features "humiliating, fake and libellous content about China". The outlet cited the fact that Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan are listed as countries on the website.[78][79]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Scratch Timeline - Scratch Wiki". en.scratch-wiki.info.
  2. ^ "Catrobat Home". catrobat.org.
  3. ^ "ScratchJr - Home". scratchjr.org.
  4. ^ "Snap! Build Your Own Blocks". snap.berkeley.edu.
  5. ^ "Snap! Build Your Own Blocks". snap.berkeley.edu.
  6. ^ Resnick, Mitchel; Maloney, John; Monroy-Hernández, Andrés; Rusk, Natalie; Eastmond, Evelyn; Brennan, Karen; Millner, Amon; Rosenbaum, Eric; Silver, Jay; Silverman, Brian; Kafai, Yasmin (1 November 2009). "Scratch: programming for all". Communications of the ACM. 52 (11): 60–67. doi:10.1145/1592761.1592779. ISSN 0001-0782.
  7. ^ a b c Resnick, Mitchel; Maloney, John; Hernández, Andrés; Rusk, Natalie; Eastmond, Evelyn; Brennan, Karen; Millner, Amon; Rosenbaum, Eric; Silver, Jay; Silverman, Brian; Kafai, Yasmin (2009). "Scratch: Programming for All" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 52 (11): 60–67. doi:10.1145/1592761.1592779.
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