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Orchis pallens

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Orchis pallens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Genus: Orchis
Species:
O. pallens
Binomial name
Orchis pallens
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Androrchis pallens (L.) D.Tyteca & E.Klein
  • Orchis pallens f. pseudopallens Rchb.f.
  • Orchis pseudopallens K.Koch [Illegitimate]
  • Orchis sulphurea Sims

Orchis pallens, the pale orchid or pale-flowered orchid, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Orchis of the family Orchidaceae. It is found in most of Europe ranging from Spain across to the Caucasus.

Description

O. pallens is the least variable of the Orchis genus.[4]

It has a tuber,[5] which is round,[6] or oval in shape.[4][7] They are 3–3.5 cm (1–1 in) long and 1.5–2 cm (1–1 in) in diameter, underneath the tuber are numerous secondary roots which are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long.[7]

Above the tuber, it has 4-6 leaves,[7][8] arranged in basal rosette.[9][10][8] The leaves are large,[10] 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 1.5–5 cm (1–2 in) wide.[6][7] They are sometimes so long that they cover the flowers.[9][8] They are unspotted,[10][11] and oblong or oblong-ovate,[7] or lanceolate shaped,[8] green,[8] shiny,[10] bright,[11] and smooth.[7]
Dactylorhiza sambucina (another orchid in comparison), has leaves which are distributed along the stem.[9]


50 cm

stem; 30–45 cm (1.0–1.5 ft)[5] stem naked, stem 8 inches high,[6] 15-40cm tall,[4] stem - Momentum 15-40 cm h., strong, straight, green.[7] on a 2 to 5" [5 to 12.5 cm] long,[8]

Flower Season: mid spring to late spring[5] It blooms from late April to late May.[7] Flowering season from April to May sometimes June.[11] April to May.[12] blooming from the middle of May.[10] It blooms from the end of April.[4] blooms in the spring[8] inflorescence with fragrant [foul and mostly nocturnal] flowers.[8] Haller observed that the flower smells like the urine of cats.[6] The headflower exhale a fragrance similar to elder tree flowers.[11]

flower; Orchis pallens L. is one of the few yellow-flowered terrestrial Orchids of Europe, flowering mid- to late spring as one of the first orchids in the northern part of it's area, The pale yellow flowers with an unspotted, somewhat darker lip contain no nectar. [5] spike thin and few flowered, bracts yellow[6]

The pale-flowered orchid is one of the few yellow-flowering species within the genus Orchis (BUTTLER 1986: 120-123). This peculiar feature makes it easily recognisable, at least during the flowering time. It differs from the other yellow-flowering members of the sect. Provinciales (O. provincialis, O. pauciflora, and O. laeta) by the absence of any markings on its flower lip, whereas the lip of the latter species is red-dotted (BUTTLER 1986: 244). In Central Europe, O. pallens is sometimes confused with yellow-flowering form of D. sambucina, however, the two species can be readily distinguished by a number of morphological features (KERSCHBAUMSTEINER1994: 10-11). [9]

Orchis pallens flowers are yellow, the lip does not bear any spots.[11]

rather dense, pyramidal to oblong in shape, [8]

In terms of identification, it can be readily distinguished from the similarly coloured Orchis pauciflora and O. provincialis by virtue of the total lack of lip markings.[10] Another orchid which often grows alongside O. pallens and bears a close resemblance is the yellow flowered form of Dactylorhiza sambucina though this can be readily differentiated by the presence of bracts which protrude through the inflorescence. There has been significant study in recent years to establish the relationship between the two species, results to date however suggest that there is no scientific link despite the obvious morphological similarities.[10]

it blooms yellow,[4] the petals form an incomplete helmet, the lip is slightly trilobal, wider, slightly convex and longer than the other petals.[4]

Inflorescence 4-10 cm length, gestures, ovoid, multiflorous. Medium-sized flowers, lateral outer petals strongly bent back, pleasantly, delicately fragrant. Hypophysis 15-25 mm length, long-wadded, spicy, slightly longer than the ovary, pale yellow. Ovary 10-15 mm length, narrow, arched, twisted, green. Warżka 6-16 mm length, 7-16 mm width, slightly arched in the center, edges rolled up, 3-patch, yellow-greenish, more intensely colored at the entrance to the spur; large middle patch, lingual, blunt or even indented; side patches the size of a middle patch, rhomboid or ovoid, blunt. Ostroga 12-15 mm length, straight or curved upwards, dorsi flattened, slightly expanded towards the top, blunt or slightly indented at the end, yellow-white. Upper outer petal 8-10 mm length, 6-8 mm width, almost elliptical, blunt, pale yellow. Lateral outer petals of similar size, slightly narrower, asymmetric, blunt, pale yellow. Lateral inner petals 6-8 mm length, 4 mm width, jajowatolancetowa-te, strongly asymmetrical, spicy, pale yellow. Pale green column.[7]

Fruit approx. 15-20 mm length, a bit bloated.[7]

Biochemistry

Diploid results from the basic chromosome number of the genus Orchis of x = 20.

In 1986, the European orchids Orchis mascula, O. pallens and their hybrids were analysed by enzyme electrophoresis on starch gels, this a form of species identification using differing parental alleles.[13]

Similar to Dactylorhiza sambucina and Orchis spitzelii, O. pallens has a chromosome count of 2n = 42/40.[14]

Taxonomy

Orchis pallens (described as Orchis sulphurea) in Curtis 52 on plate 2569 (Illustrated in 1825)

It is commonly known as the pale orchid,[4] or the pale flowered orchid.[15][16]

The scientific name Orchis derives from Ancient Greek ὄρχις orchis, meaning "testicle", from the appearance of the paired subterranean 'tuberoids', while the Latin name pallens refers to the pale colour of the inflorescence.[17]

It was first described and published by Carl Linnaeus in his book Mantissa Plantarum Altera Vol.2 on page 292 in 1771.[18]

It is an accepted RHS name and was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2011.[15]

Hybrids

It has naturally hybridized with other orchids;

  • Orchis × klopfensteiniae P.Delforge (O. pallens × Orchis spitzelii) (from SW Europe),[19][20]
  • Orchis x loreziana Brügger (O. mascula × O. pallens) (from Europe),[21] which was published in Beitr. Kennt. Ung. Chur. on page 58 in 1874.[22]
    • Orchis × loreziana nothosubsp. kisslingii (Beck) Potucek (O. mascula subsp. speciosa × O. pallens) (from Eastern Europe), found in 1976, (Kew accepted),[23]
    • Orchis × loreziana nothosubsp. loreziana (O. mascula subsp. mascula × O. pallens) (from Central Europe),[24]
  • Orchis × permixta Soó (O. mascula subsp. signifera × O. pallens × O. provincialis) (from Crimea),[25]
  • Orchis × plessidiaca Renz (O. pallens × O. provincialis)[26] (from SE Europe to Crimea),[27]

Distribution and habitat

Orchis × loreziana hybrid orchid (parents Orchis mascula × Orchis pallens)

The distribution of O. pallens is widespread in Europe,[5][4] stretching from northern Spain, heading east across central Europe and the Balkans,[5] to the Middle East and the Caucasus region (or Asia Minor,[7]) in the east.[9] It is found in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, France (France (mainland) and Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine.[1] It is missing in the British Isles and Scandinavia.[4] The northern limit of its distribution in Germany and Poland,[9] mainly southern Poland.[7]

Range

In Romania, it is found in the Baiului Mountains.[28]

2 new localities of Orchis pallens in the Chełm mesoregion (Silesian Upland, southern Poland), were found in 2014 in the vicinity of Ligota Dolna and Oleszka villages in Opole Province. [29]

In Bohemia, it is very rare and it grows only in two places (Strakonice and Podkrkonosi). In Moravia, it grows in more places such as (White Carpathians, Vsetin Hills, Beskydy, Chriby and others).[4]

Habitat

O. pallens is found from the lowlands to the mountains,[7][4] including most of the significant mountain ranges in Europe.[10] It can be found within a very wide altitudinal range,[9] of between 1,000 to 2,500 m (3,300 to 8,200 ft) above sea level.[10][9]

It grows in damp meadows,[5][29] open meadows,[9] on shrubland,[4] in clearings,[7] in wetlands (inland), rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs and mountain peaks),[1] and in forests,[5] (either sparse forests or on the edges of forests,[4][9]) either deciduous or coniferous.[10] Including pine forests,[7] beech forests, mixed hornbeam-linden or oak-hornbeam forests. It avoids deep shaded woodland.[9]

It is found on calcareous soils,[7][10][9] (lime rich soils),[5][30] and on unfertilized slightly moist and rather alkaline meadows.[4]

Conservation

It is considered nowhere in its wide distribution area, common and in most areas it is deemed extremely rare,[10][1] it is uncommon and occurs sporadically almost everywhere in Central Europe.[9]

The main threats to the newly found localities of Orchis pallens are succession processes in xerothermic The populations of the orchid and their habitats are declining, especially in central Europe due to various anthropogenic threats including: the stopping of the coppicing of woods, this causes a decrease in the amount of light reaching the forest floor.[1] Overgrowth of suitable habitats presents one of the greatest threats to the existing populations.[9] Other human threats include farming (on the grassland communities,[29] ) urbanisation and infrastructure expansion, tourism and deforestation and plant collection.[1]

Further habitat threats are posed by lack of rain, late frost, damage by wild animals such as badgers and wild boars, (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Giros 2009, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Pignatti 1982, Rossi 2002).[1] This has meant many population sites have been declining rapidly especially in central Europe.[1]

Due to the decline of its natural populations, O. pallens has been protected by law in many European countries (Averyanov 2008: 401-402; Elias et al. 2015; Grulich 2012; Kiraly 2007; Ludwig & Schnittler, 1996; Moser et al. 2002; Protopova 2009: 205; Z & Fiobor 2014: 783-786).[9]

It is on the 'Carpathian Red List of Endangered Species'[28] (covering Slovakia and Romania),[31] and it is in "Red book of vascular plants from Romania" (Dihoru & Negrean 2009).[28]

In southern Poland, active nature protection is employing measures such as mowing or shrub removal.[29]

It is a highly endangered species in Czech, it is protected by law,[4] and it is also covered by the protection of the internal CITES convention.[4][1]

Ecology

Even though the plant does not produce nectar, the flowers are pollinated by bees, who mistakenly land on the plant when looking for the spring pea (Lathyrus vernus) which does produce nectar.[10]

Culture

It was named Orchid of the Year in 2012 by the 'Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen' (AHO, Native Orchid Research Group), a German orchid conservation federation.[32]

Close-up of the flowers

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rankou, H. (2011). "Species: Orchis pallens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  2. ^ "Orchis pallens L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  3. ^ "Orchis pallens L." www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Rak, Lubomiŕ (7 July 2007). "Orchis Pallens L. - Pale Orchid" (in Czech). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Pacific Bulb Society | Orchis pallens". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e John Wilkes (editor) Encyclopaedia Londinensis, Volume 17 (1820), p. 706, at Google Books
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Orchid pale (Orchis pallens)". 31 October 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Orchis pallens Linne 1771". www.orchidspecies.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kovalchuk, Andriy (2016). "On the occurrence of Orchis pallens L. in the Ukrainian Carpathians". Journal Europäischer Orchideen. 48 (1): 29–36.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Orchis pallens". orchidsofbritainandeurope.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Orchis pallens English". perso.numericable.fr. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Orchis pallens". sloveniahiking.rocks. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  13. ^ Steinbrück, Günther; Schlegel, Martin; Dahlström, Ilse; Röttger, Bernd (1986). "Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids Between Orchis mascula and O. pallens (Orchidaceae) by Enzyme Electrophoresis". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 153 (3): 229–241.
  14. ^ Buttler, Karl Peter (2001). "Taxonomy of Orchidaceae tribus Orchideae, a traditional approach". Jour. Eur. Orch. 33 (1): 7–32.
  15. ^ a b "Orchis pallens | pale-flowered orchid/RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  16. ^ "Orchis pallens L., 1771 - Orchis pâle". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  17. ^ Alberta Native Plant Council Rare Vascular Plants of Alberta (2001), p. 225, at Google Books
  18. ^ "Orchis pallens | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  19. ^ "Orchis × klopfensteiniae P.Delforge | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  20. ^ "Orchis × klopfensteiniae P.Delforge 1985". www.orchidspecies.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  21. ^ "Orchis x loreziana | Pacific Bulb Society". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  22. ^ "Orchis loreziana". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  23. ^ "Orchis loreziana". www.orchidroots.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  24. ^ "Orchis × loreziana nothosubsp. loreziana | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  25. ^ "Orchis × permixta Soó | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  26. ^ "Orchis plessidiaca". www.orchidroots.com. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  27. ^ "Orchis × plessidiaca Renz | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  28. ^ a b c Azăr, G. L.; Vasile, D.; Durdu, C.; Jitaru, P.; Algasovschi, M. (2018). "Orchis pallens L. in Baiului Mountains, a new location for Romania". Revista de Silvicultură și Cinegetică. 23 (42): 80–83.
  29. ^ a b c d Folcik, Łukasz; Urbisz, Andrzej (2020). "New localities of Orchis pallens (Orchidaceae) in the Silesian Upland". Fragm. Flor. et Geobot. Pol. XXVII (2): 739–742.
  30. ^ Christoph Leuschner and Heinz Ellenberg Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume 1 (2017}, p. 201, at Google Books
  31. ^ "Carpathian Red List of Endangered Species" (PDF). WWF. 2003. p. 29. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  32. ^ "Pale-flowered Orchid -Orchis pallens-, Orchid of the Year 2012, rare..." Getty Images. Retrieved 26 May 2021.

Other sources

  • Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1
  • Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8
  • Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3
  • Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8
  • Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5
  • John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4
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