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Tarō Okamoto

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Tarō Okamoto
Born(1911-02-26)February 26, 1911
Takatsu village, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
DiedJanuary 7, 1996(1996-01-07) (aged 84)
NationalityJapanese
Known forPainting, Murals, Sculpture, Art theory
MovementAvant-garde

Tarō Okamoto (岡本 太郎, Okamoto Tarō, February 26, 1911 – January 7, 1996) was a Japanese artist, art theorist, and writer. He is particularly well known for his avant-garde paintings and public art installations, and for his theorization of Japanese traditional culture and avant-garde artistic practices.

Biography

Early Life (1911-1929)

Taro Okamoto is the son of cartoonist Ippei Okamoto and writer Kanoko Okamoto. He was born in Takatsu, in Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture.

In 1927, at the age of sixteen, Okamoto began to take lessons in oil painting from the artist Wada Eisaku. In 1929, Okamoto entered the Tokyo School of Fine Arts (today Tokyo University of the Arts) in the oil painting department.[1]

Time in Europe (1929-1940)

Later in 1929, he and his family accompanied his father on a trip to Europe to cover the London Naval Treaty of 1930. While in Europe, Okamoto spent time in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Paris, where he rented a studio in Montparnasse and enrolled in a lycée in Choisy-le-Roi. After his parents returned to Japan in 1932, he stayed on in Paris until 1940.[1]

Much of Okamoto’s formative education occurred during his stay in Paris. In 1932, he began attending classes at the Sorbonne, and enrolled in the literature department where he studied philosophy and specialized in aesthetics. At the Sorbonne, he attended lectures on Hegelian aesthetics by Victor Basch.[1] In 1938, he, along with many other Parisian artists at the time, began studying ethnography under Marcel Mauss, and he would later apply an ethnographic lens to Japanese culture.[1][2][3]

Okamoto also began to establish himself as a painter in Paris, working with the Parisian avant-garde artists. He was inspired by Pablo Picasso’s ‘Pitcher and Bowl of Fruit’ (1931) at the Paul Rosenberg Gallery, and in 1932 began successfully submitting his own paintings for exhibition at the Salon des surindépendants, for which he received some positive reviews. From 1933-1936, he was a member of the group Abstraction-Création, and showed works in their exhibitions.[4] He participated in the French intellectual discussion group Collège de Sociologie and joined the secret society founded by Georges Bataille, Acéphale. His painting Itamashiki ude (“Wounded Arm”) was notably included in the International Surrealist Exhibition in Paris in 1938.[5]

Okamoto met and befriended many prominent avant-garde art figures in Paris, including André Breton, Kurt Seligmann, Max Ernst, Pablo Picasso, Man Ray, Robert Capa and Capa's partner, Gerda Taro, who adopted Okamoto's first name as her last name.[6]

Wartime (1940-1945)

Okamoto returned to Japan in 1940 because his mother had died, and because of the outbreak of World War II. He found some artistic success in Japan upon his return, winning the Nika Prize at the 28th Nika Art Exhibition in 1942. The same year, he also had a solo exhibition of works he had completed in Europe, at the Mitsukoshi department store in Ginza.[7]

In 1942, Okamoto was drafted into the army as an artist tasked with documenting the war, and left for service in China.[8] He returned to Japan in 1946 after spending several months in a prisoner-of-war camp in Chang’an. During his absence, his family home and all of his works had been destroyed in an air raid.[7]

Postwar activity (1946-1996)

1946-1950

After the war, Okamoto established a studio in Kaminoge, Setagaya ward of Tokyo. He became a member of the Nika-kai (Nika Association) in 1947 and began regularly showing works at the Nika Art Exhibition. He also began giving lectures on modern art in Europe and started publishing commentaries on modern art.[7] In 1948, he and the art critic Kiyoteru Hanada established the group Yoru no Kai (the Night Society), which attempted to theorize artistic expression after the war. It dissolved in 1949. Hanada and Okamoto then founded the Abangyarudo Kenkyukai (Avant-Garde Art Study Group) which mentored younger artists and critics such as Tatsuo Ikeda, Katsuhiro Yamaguchi, and Yūsuke Nakahara. Eventually these groups inspired younger artists to break off and form their own avant-garde groups.[9]

1950-1969

Okamoto began receiving numerous solo exhibitions in the 1950s, including venues at the Mitsukoshi department store in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, and the Takashimaya department store in Osaka. His work was included in the Japanese installation at the 2nd São Paulo Bienal in 1953, and he also showed works representing Japan at the 27th Venice Biennale in 1954.[10] Okamoto continued to participate in major juried exhibitions in Japan, including the Nika Art Exhibition, the Yomiuri Independent, and others.

Beginning in the 1950s and continuing until the end of his career, Okamoto created large installation artworks and murals for various public spaces in Japan, including government buildings, office buildings, subway stations, museums, and other locations. Notable examples included ceramic murals for the old Tokyo Metropolitan Office Building in Marunouchi, designed by Kenzō Tange and opened in 1956, and five ceramic murals for Tange’s Yoyogi National Gymnasium for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.[11][12]

Over the course of the 1950s, Okamoto solidified several key aesthetic theories that helped establish his role as a public intellectual in Japanese society.[8] First, he crafted his theory of “polarism” (対極主義, taikyokushugi), the declaration of which he read at the opening of the Yomiuri Independent in 1950.[13] In 1952, Okamoto published an influential article on Jōmon period ceramics. This article was the beginning of a long engagement with prehistoric Japan, and his argument that Japanese aesthetics should take inspiration from the ancient Jōmon period helped change the public perception of what was considered authentic Japanese culture.[8] He continued to write on Japanese tradition and became one of the major thinkers active in the reevaluation of Japanese tradition after World War II.[14] He later traveled around Japan in order to research the essence of Japanese culture, and in published Nihon Sai-hakken-Geijutsu Fudoki (Rediscovery of the Japan-Topography of Art) (1962) and Shinpi Nihon (Mysteries in Japan) (1964).

As part of his travels around Japan, in 1959 and 1966, Okamoto visited Okinawa. He was struck by what he saw as the remnants of a simpler and more traditional life there. In 1961, he published Wasurerareta Nihon: Okinawa bunka-ron (Forgotten Japan: On Okinawa culture), which included many photographs from his trip. The book received the Mainichi Publication Culture Award.[15] Many of Okamoto’s photographs revisited subject matter already photographed by other Japanese photographers, such as Ihei Kimura and Ken Dōmon.[16] His interest in Okinawa may be seen as part of a larger modern Japanese interest in viewing Okinawa as a lingering repository of tradition, in contrast with the rapidly modernizing Japanese main islands.[17]

In 1967, Okamoto visited Mexico, where he worked on a major mural commission and filmed a program for Japanese television entitled “The New World: Okamoto Tarō explores Latin America.”[18] Okamoto was deeply inspired by Mexican painting and saw it as an avenue to refocus the art world away from Western countries. He imagined a partnership between Japanese and Mexican art worlds to launch a new, non-Western modern art aesthetic, and saw affinities between Japanese Jomon culture and pre-Columbian art in Mexico. Allusions to Mexican art would appear in his subsequent artworks.[19]

1970-1996

Okamoto continued to travel, write and produce public art installations in the 1970s. He also began to produce prints, experimenting with silkscreen and copperplate printing.

Okamoto’s most notable achievement of the 1970s was his involvement with 1970 Japan World Exposition in Osaka (Expo ’70), for which he designed and produced the central Theme Pavilion, which included a monumental sculpture entitled Tower of the Sun, an exhibition in and around the tower, and two smaller towers.[20] The distinct appearance of Tower of the Sun was influenced by Okamoto’s background in European Surrealism, interest in Mexican art, and Jōmon ceramics.[21] The pavilion was visited by over 9 million people during Expo ’70, and is preserved today in the Expo Commemoration Park.[22]

Toward the end of his career, Okamoto began to receive many more solo exhibitions of his work. In 1986, several of his early paintings were included in a major exhibition of Japanese avant-garde artists, Japon des Avant-Gardes 1910-1970 at the Centre Pompidou in Paris.[23] In 1991, his major works were donated to Kawasaki city, and a museum in his honor was opened in 1999, following his death in 1996.

Work

Artwork

Painting

Although very few of Okamoto’s prewar paintings remain, in his early career in Paris he was interested in abstraction and showed a number of works with the Abstraction-Création group. However, over time he grew dissatisfied with the limitations of pure abstraction, and began to include more representational imagery in his paintings. The completion of Wounded Arm, which melded abstraction and representation, convinced Okamoto that he should leave the Abstraction-Création group and explore other modes of painting. Wounded Arm, which seems to depict a young girl through the representation of an arm, shoulder, hair, and bright red bow, disturbingly includes no human head or body, and the arm itself defies expectation with abstract stripes of flesh and bubble gum pink tones. Although the work was celebrated by the Surrealists in Paris, Okamoto opted out of joining the group.[24]

Taro Okamoto, Tower of the Young Sun, 1969. Installed in Japan Monkey Park, Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture.

Okamoto’s postwar paintings, like his murals and public sculpture, continued to be informed by abstraction and Surrealism, but were also influenced by his theory of polarism, and by his discovery of prehistoric arts. The Law of the Jungle (1950), one of his most famous paintings, depicts a monstrous red fish-like creature with an enormous, zipper-shaped spine devouring a human figure.[25] Small, surrealistic human and animal forms in vibrant primary colors surround the central creature, floating through the glowing green jungle setting. Many of the key features of this work – the mix of abstraction and surreal anthropomorphic forms, vibrant colors, and a flat picture plane – continued in his paintings for the rest of his career.

Key murals and installations

During his trip to Mexico in 1967, Okamoto painted a 5.5 x 30-meter mural in oil on canvas, entitled Asu no shinwa (明日の神話, Tomorrow’s Myth), for the Hotel de Mexico in Mexico city by Manuel Suarez y Suarez that was being constructed for the 1968 Olympics.[26] The mural’s subtitle is “Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” and accordingly the painting illustrates a landscape of nuclear destruction where a skeleton burns in red and emits pointed white protrusions. Surrounding images allude to events of nuclear disaster, such as the Lucky Dragon #5.[27] The hotel was never completed and thus the mural was never installed or displayed. After being lost for 30 years in Mexico, on November 17, 2008, the mural was unveiled in its new permanent location at Shibuya Station, Tokyo.[28]

Okamoto’s Tower of the Sun became the symbol of Expo '70 in Osaka. Standing at 70 meters tall, the humanoid form was created in concrete and sprayed stucco, with two horn-shaped arms, two circular faces, and one golden metal face attached at its highest point. As a whole, it represents the past (lower part), present (middle part), and future (the face) of the human race. Visitors entered through the base of the sculpture and then ascend through it in escalators next to the so-called Tree of Life, a sculptural tree displaying the evolution of creators from primitive organisms toward more complex life forms. They then exited through the arms of the sculpture.[29] Constructed not long after Okamoto’s visit to Mexico, the project was also inspired by pre-Columbian imagery, and like his mural Tomorrow’s Myth, it was also formed by fears of nuclear destruction. At the same time, the form of the tower resembled Jōmon figurines (dogū) and alluded to Cubist portraiture of Picasso.[20] Unlike the apocalyptic Tomorrow’s Myth, the Tower ultimately had a more positive message: the eclectic inspirations for its imagery suggested an emerging global modernist art, and Okamoto imagined the tower and its surrounding plaza to facilitate a great gathering – rather than a great destruction – of people[22].

Both Tomorrow’s Myth and Tower of the Sun display imagery that runs throughout much of Okamoto’s public artworks, including Wakai tokeidai (“Young Clock Tower”) (1966) in Ginza, Tokyo, Wakai taiyō no tō (Tower of the Young Sun) (1969) in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture, and Kodomo no ki ("Tree of Children") (1985) in Aoyama, Tokyo.

Art theory and writings

Polarism

Okamoto’s idea of taikyokushugi (polarism) was born out of his attendance at lectures on Hegel while in Paris. He questioned dialectics and refused the notion of synthesis, believing rather that thesis and antithesis (polar opposites) could actually remain apart, resulting in permanent fragmentation rather than unity or resolution.[30] This theory, proposed shortly after World War II, was in many ways an aesthetics that directly opposed the totality and harmony of Japanese wartime painting.[31] In terms of its application to art, Okamoto saw abstract painting as synthesis – it united color, motion, and the various senses into one work. Works like The Law of the Jungle (1950), meanwhile, is fragmented: each individual element is clearly described in line and color, but resists any identification, and floats without any connection to one another. There is also a strong tension between flatness and depth, clarity and obscurity, foreground and background, representational and abstract. Dawn (1948) and Heavy Industry (1949) are also thought to be examples of polarism.[32]

Tradition and contemporary art

Okamoto’s Jōmon theory has become one of the most influential theoretical contributions to Japanese aesthetics and cultural history.[33] The theory was first introduced in his seminal essay “Jōmon doki ron: Shijigen to no taiwa” (“On Jomon ceramics: Dialogue with the fourth dimension”) was published in Mizue magazine in 1952. Inspired by a trip to Tokyo National Museum where he viewed the distinctive objects from the prehistoric Jōmon period, such as earthenware ceramic vessels and dogū, the article argued for a complete rethinking of Japanese aesthetics.[34] Okamoto believed that Japanese aesthetics until that point had been founded on the aesthetics of prehistoric Yayoi period ceramics, which were simple, subdued, restrained, and refined. This foundation gave rise to the what many considered traditional Japanese aesthetic concepts, such as wabi-sabi.[35][36] By contrast, the energetic, rough, and mysterious patterns and designs of Jōmon ceramics offered a dynamic, authentic expression that was missing from contemporary Japan. He argued that Japanese artists should pursue the same dynamic power and mystery to fuel their own work, drawing inspiration from this more “primitive” culture of their ancestors.[37] Okamoto’s understanding of Japanese aesthetics drew heavily from his ethnographic studies and encounters with Surrealism in Paris, but instead of exoticizing ethnographic objects, he used Jōmon objects specifically to construct a native Japanese theoretical basis for avant-garde artistic practices.[34]

Despite Okamoto’s interest in prehistoric art, he did not advocate for any direct preservation of the past in contemporary art. His best-selling book Konnichi no geijutsu (The Art of Today), published in 1954, encouraged young artists to destroy violently any past art systems and rebuild a Japanese art world equal to the Western art world.[25] This could be seen as a way of advocating a form of Jōmon-style energy and expression.

Tarō Okamoto Memorial Museum in Aoyama, Tokyo

Collections and legacy

Much of Okamoto’s work is held by the Tarō Okamoto Museum of Art in Kawasaki, his home city, or by the Tarō Okamoto Memorial Museum, which is the artist’s former studio and home built by the architect Junzō Sakakura in 1954, now turned into a small museum in Aoyama, Tokyo. Both museums organize special exhibitions addressing key themes in Okamoto’s oeuvre, such as Jōmon artifacts, Okinawa, and public artworks. Okamoto’s works are also held by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, and the Museum of Modern Art, Toyama.

The Tarō Okamoto Award for Contemporary Art (TARO Award) was established in 1997 and is run by the Tarō Okamoto Museum of Art in Kawasaki. The award is given annually to young contemporary artists who are creating art of the next generation, who display the creativity and individuality he advocated for in The Art of Today (1954).[38]  

Sources

  • Jonathan Reynolds, “Uncanny, Hypermodern Japaneseness: Okamoto Tarō and the Search for Prehistoric Modernism,” in Allegories of time and space: Japanese identity in photography and architecture (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i, 2017), 54-85.
  • K. Yoshida, Avant-garde art and non-dominant thought in postwar Japan: image, matter, separation (New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021).
  • Bert Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition,” Review of Japanese Culture and Society Vol. 23 (2011): 81-101.
  • 川崎市岡本太郎美術館, ed. 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Tarō Okamoto. Kawasaki-shi: Kawasaki-shi Okamoto Tarō Bijutsukan, 2009.
  • Okamoto Tarō & Jonathan M. Reynolds (Translator), "On Jōmon Ceramics," Art in Translation 1:1 (2009), 49-60, DOI: 10.2752/175613109787307645

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b c d 川崎市岡本太郎美術館, ed. (2009). 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Taro Okamoto. Kawasaki-shi: Kawasaki-shi Okamoto Tarō Bijutsukan. p. 217.
  2. ^ Isozaki, Arata (1994). "As Witness to Postwar Japanese Art". In Munroe, Alexandra (ed.). Japanese art after 1945 : scream against the sky. 横浜美術館., Yokohama Bijutsukan, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 横浜美術館. New York: H.N. Abrams. p. 28. ISBN 0-8109-3512-0. OCLC 29877932.
  3. ^ Reynolds, Jonathan M. (2015). "Uncanny, Hypermodern Japaneseness: Okamoto Tarō and the Search for Prehistoric Modernism". Allegories of time and space : Japanese identity in photography and architecture. Honolulu. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8248-3924-6. OCLC 881146141.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Keinosuke Murata, “The Painter Taro,” in 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Taro Okamoto, 154.
  5. ^ Okubo, Kyoko (2020). "The Reception of Primitivisme in Japan: the Discourse of Taro Okamoto". The Journal of Asian Arts & Aesthetics. 6: 3. doi:10.6280/JAAA.202005_(6).0001.
  6. ^ "Okamoto Taro: Nuclear Proliferation, Tradition, and "The Myth of Tomorrow". (D. Wood & A. Takahashi - Kyoto Journal #77.)
  7. ^ a b c 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Taro Okamoto, 218.
  8. ^ a b c Tarô, Okamoto; Reynolds, Jonathan M. (2009). "On Jômon Ceramics". Art in Translation. 1 (1): 50. doi:10.2752/175613109787307645. ISSN 1756-1310.
  9. ^ Yoshida, Ken (2012). "Artists' Groups and Collectives in Postwar Japan". From postwar to postmodern : art in Japan 1945-1989 : primary documents. Kenji Kajiya, Fumihiko Sumitomo, Michio Hayashi, Doryun Chong. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-8223-5368-3. OCLC 798058346.
  10. ^ 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Taro Okamoto, 220.
  11. ^ Nakajima, Masatoshi (2012). "Tokyo 1955-1970: A New Avant-garde Chronology". In Chong, Doryun (ed.). Tokyo, 1955-1970 : a new avant-garde. Michio Hayashi, Mika Yoshitake, Miryam Sas, Yuri Mitsuda, Masatoshi Nakajima, Nancy Lim. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-87070-834-3. OCLC 794365569.
  12. ^ 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Taro Okamoto, 221, 224.
  13. ^ 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Taro Okamoto, 219.
  14. ^ Munroe, Alexandra (1994). "Circle: Modernism and Tradition". In Munroe, Alexandra (ed.). Japanese art after 1945 : scream against the sky. 横浜美術館., Yokohama Bijutsukan, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 横浜美術館. New York: H.N. Abrams. p. 128. ISBN 0-8109-3512-0. OCLC 29877932.
  15. ^ Nakajima, Masatoshi (2012). "Tokyo 1955-1970: A New Avant-garde Chronology". In Chong, Doryun (ed.). Tokyo, 1955-1970 : a new avant-garde. Michio Hayashi, Mika Yoshitake, Miryam Sas, Yuri Mitsuda, Masatoshi Nakajima, Nancy Lim. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-87070-834-3. OCLC 794365569.
  16. ^ Reynolds, Jonathan M. (2015). "Paradise Lost: Paradise Regained: Tōmatsu Shōmei's Photographic Engagement with Okinawa". Allegories of time and space : Japanese identity in photography and architecture. Honolulu. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-8248-3924-6. OCLC 881146141.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Reynolds, Jonathan M. (2015). "Paradise Lost: Paradise Regained: Tōmatsu Shōmei's Photographic Engagement with Okinawa". Allegories of time and space : Japanese identity in photography and architecture. Honolulu. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8248-3924-6. OCLC 881146141.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Winther-Tamaki, Bert (2011). "To Put On A Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō's Tower of the Sun for the Japan World Exposition". Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 23: 84. ISSN 0913-4700.
  19. ^ Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition,” 85-86.
  20. ^ a b Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition,” 82.
  21. ^ Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition."
  22. ^ a b Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition,” 97.
  23. ^ 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Tarō Okamoto, 229.
  24. ^ Takeshi Sakai, “Towards a Primordial Life – Taro Okamoto in the 1930s,” in 岡本太郎の絵画 : 開館10周年記念展 = The Paintings of Taro Okamoto, 156.
  25. ^ a b Munroe, Alexandra (1994). "Morphology of Revenge: The Yomiuri Indépendant Artists and Social Protest Tendencies in the 1960s". Japanese art after 1945 : scream against the sky. 横浜美術館., Yokohama Bijutsukan, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 横浜美術館. New York: H.N. Abrams. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0-8109-3512-0. OCLC 29877932.
  26. ^ "Instalan en Tokio mural de Okamoto perdido 30 anos en Mexico". (Consultado el 10 de Agosto de 2010.)
  27. ^ Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition,” 95.
  28. ^ "Once lost Okamoto masterpiece to be displayed at Shibuya station". TokyoReporter. 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  29. ^ Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition,” 81.
  30. ^ Yoshida, K. (2021). Avant-garde art and nondominant thought in postwar Japan : image, matter, separation. Abingdon, Oxon. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-000-21728-5. OCLC 1224193801.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. ^ Yoshida, K. (2021). Avant-garde art and nondominant thought in postwar Japan : image, matter, separation. Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 28–34. ISBN 978-1-000-21728-5. OCLC 1224193801.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ^ "The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  33. ^ Winther-Tamaki, “To Put on a Big Face: The Globalist Stance of Okamoto Tarō’s Tower of the sun for the Japan World Exposition,” 86.
  34. ^ a b Reynolds, “Uncanny, Hypermodern Japaneseness: Okamoto Tarō and the Search for Prehistoric Modernism,” in Allegories of time and space, 55.
  35. ^ Reynolds, “Uncanny, Hypermodern Japaneseness: Okamoto Tarō and the Search for Prehistoric Modernism,” in Allegories of time and space, 64-65.
  36. ^ Watanabe, Shinya (2011-04-15). "There are oppositions that attract". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  37. ^ Reynolds, “Uncanny, Hypermodern Japaneseness: Okamoto Tarō and the Search for Prehistoric Modernism,” in Allegories of time and space, 68.
  38. ^ "第24回TARO賞は大西茅布に決定。高校3年生、史上最年少受賞". 美術手帖 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-06-04.