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John List (murderer)

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This article is about the mass murderer. For the economist, see John A. List.

John List
Mugshot of List, c. 2005
Born
John Emil List

(1925-09-17)September 17, 1925
Bay City, Michigan, U.S.
DiedMarch 21, 2008(2008-03-21) (aged 82)
Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.
Other namesRobert Peter "Bob" Clark
EducationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor
OccupationAccountant
Criminal statusDeceased
Spouses
Helen List
​
​
(m. 1951; died 1971)​
Delores Miller Clark
​
​
(m. 1985; div. 1989)​
Criminal chargeFive counts of first degree murder
PenaltyFive consecutive life terms
Time at large
17 years, 6 months, 23 days
Details
DateNovember 9, 1971
Location(s)Westfield, New Jersey, U.S.
Target(s)Family members
Killed5
Weapons
Date apprehended
June 1, 1989

John Emil List (September 17, 1925 – March 21, 2008) was an American mass murderer[1] and long-time fugitive. On November 9, 1971, List killed his wife, mother, and three children at their home in Westfield, New Jersey and then disappeared; he had planned the murders so meticulously that nearly a month passed before anyone suspected that anything was amiss.

List assumed a new identity, remarried, and eluded justice for nearly eighteen years. He was finally apprehended in Virginia on June 1, 1989, after the story of his murders was broadcast on the television program America's Most Wanted. After extradition to New Jersey, he was convicted on five counts of first degree murder and sentenced to five consecutive terms of life imprisonment without parole.

List gave critical financial problems, as well as his perception that his family members were straying from their religious faith, as his motivations for the murders. He believed that killing them would assure their souls a place in Heaven, where he hoped to eventually join them. List died in prison in 2008 at the age of 82.

Early life and education

Born in Bay City, Michigan, List was the only child of German-American parents, John Frederick List (1859–1944) and Alma Barbara Florence List (1887–1971). Like his father, List was a devout Lutheran and a Sunday school teacher. In 1943, he enlisted in the United States Army and served as a laboratory technician during World War II. After his discharge in 1946, List enrolled at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he earned a bachelor's degree in business administration and a master's degree in accounting, and was commissioned a second lieutenant through ROTC.[2]

Military service and civilian career

In November 1950, as the Korean War escalated, List was recalled to active military service. At Fort Eustis, Virginia, he met Helen Morris Taylor, the widow of an infantry officer killed in action in Korea, who lived nearby with her daughter, Brenda. John and Helen married on December 1, 1951, in Baltimore, Maryland, and the family moved to northern California. The Army, realizing List's accounting skills, reassigned him to the Finance Corps.[3]

After completion of his second tour in 1952, List worked for an accounting firm in Detroit, and then as an audit supervisor at a paper company in Kalamazoo, where his three children were born.[4] By 1959, List had risen to general supervisor of the company's accounting department; but Helen, an alcoholic, had become increasingly unstable.[5] In 1960, Brenda married and left the household, and List moved with the remainder of his family to Rochester, New York, to take a job with Xerox. There, he eventually became director of accounting services.[6] In 1965, List accepted a position as vice president and comptroller at a bank in Jersey City, New Jersey, and moved with his wife, children, and mother into Breeze Knoll, a 19-room Victorian mansion at 431 Hillside Avenue in Westfield.[7]

Murders

Patricia List and John List Jr.

On November 9, 1971, List murdered his entire immediate family, using his own 9mm Steyr 1912 semi-automatic handgun[8] and his father's Colt .22 caliber revolver.[9] While his children were at school he shot his wife Helen, 46, in the back of the head, and then his mother Alma, 84, above the left eye. As his daughter Patricia, 16, and younger son Frederick, 13, arrived home from school, List shot each of them in the back of the head. After making himself lunch, List drove to his bank to close both his and his mother's bank accounts, and then to Westfield High School to watch his elder son John Jr., 15, play in a soccer game. After driving John Jr. home, List shot him repeatedly because, as misfire evidence showed, his son attempted to defend himself.[10][11]

List placed the bodies of his wife and children on sleeping bags in the mansion's ballroom. He left his mother's body in her apartment in the attic. In a five-page letter to his pastor, found on the desk in his study, List claimed that he saw too much evil in the world, and he had killed his family to save their souls. He then cleaned the various crime scenes, removed his own picture from all family photographs in the house, tuned a radio to a religious station, and departed.[11]

The murders were not discovered until December 7, nearly a month later, due in part to the family's reclusive tendencies, and in part to notes sent by List to the children's schools and part-time jobs claiming that the children would be visiting their ailing maternal grandmother in North Carolina for a few weeks. (Helen's mother was in fact ill, and had canceled a visit to Westfield because of it. Had she made the trip, List later said, she would have been his sixth victim.)[12] List also stopped milk, mail and newspaper deliveries.[11] Neighbors noticed that all of the mansion's rooms were illuminated day and night, with no apparent activity within the house. After light bulbs began burning out one by one, they called the police. Officers entered through an unlocked window leading to the basement and discovered the family's bodies.[13]

Westfield, where few violent crimes had been recorded since 1963, received national attention as the site of the most notorious felony in New Jersey since the kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh baby. A nationwide manhunt was launched. Police investigated hundreds of leads without success.[14] All reliable photographs of List had been destroyed. The family car was found parked at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City, but police found no evidence that List had boarded a flight.[11] Alma's body was flown to Frankenmuth, Michigan, and interred at the Saint Lorenz Lutheran Cemetery. Helen and her three children were buried at Fairview Cemetery in Westfield.[10]

Breeze Knoll remained empty until it was destroyed by fire in August 1972, nine months after the murders. Although the destruction was officially ruled arson, it remains officially unsolved with no suspects.[15] Destroyed along with the home was the ballroom's stained glass skylight, rumored to be a signed Tiffany original, worth at least $100,000 at the time (equivalent to $730,000 in 2023). A new house was built on the site in 1974.[15][16]

Relocation, arrest and trial

In 1971, as the FBI later discovered, List had traveled by train from New Jersey to Michigan and then to Colorado. He settled in Denver in early 1972 and took an accounting job as Robert Peter "Bob" Clark, the name of one of his college classmates (although the real Bob Clark later asserted that he had never known List).[17] From 1979 to 1986, he was the controller at a paper box manufacturer outside Denver. He joined a Lutheran congregation and ran a car pool for shut-in church members. At one religious gathering, he met an Army PX clerk named Delores Miller and married her in 1985. In February 1988, the couple moved to a house at 13919 Sagewood Trace in the Brandermill neighborhood of Midlothian, Virginia, where List, still using the name Bob Clark, resumed work as an accountant at a small firm, Maddrea, Joyner, Kirkham & Woody.[18][19][20]

In May 1989, the 18-year-old crime was recounted on the Fox television program America's Most Wanted during its first year on the air.[21][16] The segment featured an age-progressed clay bust, sculpted by forensic artist Frank Bender, which turned out to bear a close resemblance to List's actual appearance.[22][23] On June 1, less than two weeks after the broadcast, List was arrested at a Richmond accounting firm after a Denver neighbor recognized the description and alerted authorities.[24][25] List continued to stand by his alias for several months, even after extradition to Union County, New Jersey, in late 1989; but finally, faced with irrefutable evidence—including a fingerprint match with List's military records, and then with evidence found at the crime scene—he confessed his true identity on February 16, 1990.[26][27]

At trial, List testified that his financial difficulties reached crisis level in 1971 when he was laid off with the closure of the Jersey City bank. To avoid sharing this humiliating development with his family, List engaged in the same routine and dress as when employed, leaving home each morning on schedule and spending the day at job interviews or at the Westfield train station, reading newspapers until it was time to come home. List skimmed money from his mother's bank accounts to avoid default on his mortgage.[28] As the year progressed the family's financial problems became more strained; List encouraged his children to seek part-time work ostensibly to teach them maturity and responsibility; in actuality to help keep the family financially solvent.[11]

He was also dealing with his wife's alcoholism and her untreated tertiary syphilis, contracted from her first husband and concealed for 18 years. According to trial testimony, Helen had pressured List into marriage by falsely claiming that she was pregnant, then insisted that they marry in Maryland, which did not require the premarital syphilis test mandated in most other states at the time.[29] Though her health progressively deteriorated, she said nothing to List or her physicians until 1969, when a thorough workup revealed the condition. By then, progression of the disease combined with her excessive alcohol consumption had, according to testimony, "transformed her from an attractive young woman to an unkempt and paranoid recluse"[30][31] who frequently—and often publicly—humiliated List, comparing his sexual prowess unfavorably with that of her first husband.[32]

A court-appointed psychiatrist testified that List suffered from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and that he saw only two solutions to his situation: accept welfare, or kill his family and send their souls to heaven.[31][33] Welfare was an unacceptable option, he reasoned, because it would expose him and his family to ridicule and violate his authoritarian father's teachings regarding the care and protection of family members.[31]

On April 12, 1990, List was convicted of five counts of first degree murder.[34] At his sentencing hearing he denied direct responsibility for his actions: "I feel that because of my mental state at the time, I was unaccountable for what happened. I ask all affected by this for their forgiveness, understanding and prayer."[35] The judge was unpersuaded: "John Emil List is without remorse and without honor," he said. "After 18 years, five months and 22 days, it is now time for the voices of Helen, Alma, Patricia, Frederick and John F. List to rise from the grave." He imposed a sentence of five terms of life imprisonment, to be served consecutively, the maximum permissible penalty at the time.[34]

List filed an appeal of his convictions on grounds that his judgment had been impaired by post-traumatic stress disorder due to his military service. He also argued that the letter he left behind at the crime scene, essentially his confession, was a confidential communication to his pastor and therefore inadmissible as evidence. A federal appeals court rejected both arguments.[16]

List eventually expressed a degree of remorse for his crimes. "I wish I had never done what I did," he told Connie Chung in 2002. "I've regretted my action and prayed for forgiveness ever since."[36] When asked why he had not taken his own life, he said he believed that suicide would have prevented him from going to heaven, where he hoped to be reunited with his family.[16]

Death

List died of complications from pneumonia at age 82 on March 21, 2008, while in prison custody at St. Francis Medical Center in Trenton, New Jersey.[16] In reporting his death, the New Jersey Star-Ledger referred to him as "The Boogeyman of Westfield."[37]

Over the years, List and his crimes have furnished inspiration for a number of movies and documentaries. Examples include the 16th episode of the 6th season of Law & Order, the 1993 film Judgment Day: The John List Story, in which List was portrayed by Robert Blake; the 1987 film The Stepfather and its 2009 remake;[38] and the character Keyser Söze in the 1995 film The Usual Suspects.[39]

In 1972, List was proposed as a suspect in the D. B. Cooper air piracy case because of the timing of his disappearance (two weeks prior to the airline hijacking), multiple matches to the hijacker's description, and the reasoning that "a fugitive accused of mass murder has nothing to lose".[40][41] List was questioned by FBI investigators after his capture, but he denied any involvement in the Cooper case. While his name is still occasionally mentioned in Cooper articles and documentaries, no direct evidence implicates him, and the FBI no longer considers him a suspect.[11]

In 2008, John Walsh, the host of America's Most Wanted, donated the age-progressed bust by Frank Bender that played a pivotal role in List's apprehension to a forensic science exhibit at the National Museum of Crime & Punishment in Washington, DC. The museum collection can now be viewed at Alcatraz East Crime Museum in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.

A 1996 episode of the series Forensic Files discussed the List murders.[42] A 2003 episode of the A&E series American Justice also detailed the case and featured an interview with List.[43] In 2015, the story was covered in Season 2, Episode 2 of the Investigation Discovery show, Your Worst Nightmare. The episode was named "Murder House" and premiered on November 18, 2015.[44]

In July 2020, the movie A Killer Next Door, based on the events that led to the capture of John List, was released. [45]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Serial Killers vs. Mass Murderers". Crime Museum. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  2. ^ Ryzuk 1990, p. 101
  3. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 120–125
  4. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 126–7
  5. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 131–7
  6. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 137–9
  7. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 153–60
  8. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, p. 117
  9. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, p. 285
  10. ^ a b Ramsland, K: John List. Crime Library archive. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e f McCracken, Elizabeth (December 28, 2008). "Wanted: A Killer Disappears Into Another Life". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
  12. ^ "John List, famous murderer – The Crime Library". April 5, 2005. Archived from the original on April 5, 2005. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  13. ^ Ramsland, K: John List. Crime Library. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  14. ^ Palm, Matthew (Writer), Jacobson, Paul (Director) (1992). "To Save Their Souls". American Justice. Los Angeles, California. Entertainment Studios.
  15. ^ a b Breeze Knoll: The John List Murder House. house-crazy.com Archived July 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d e Stout, D. (March 25, 2008). "John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  17. ^ Sharkey 1990
  18. ^ Gross, Ken; Bonnett Sellinger, Margie; Kelley, Jack (June 19, 1989). "In Hiding for 18 Years, a Wanted Man Is Caught by the FBI and a TV Posse". People. New York City: Meredith Corporation. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  19. ^ May, Clifford D. (June 6, 1989). "Prosaic Life of Suspect in '71 New Jersey Murders". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  20. ^ "Real Estate Assessment Data for 13919 Sagewood Trace". chesterfield.gov. Chesterfield County. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  21. ^ Notorious AMW Fugitive John List Dead at 82 (March 24, 2008). amw.com archive Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  22. ^ Fox, Margalit (July 30, 2011). "Frank Bender, 'Recomposer' of Faces of the Dead, Dies at 70". New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  23. ^ John List Bust Remembered as Sculptor Faces Death – John List – Zimbio
  24. ^ "FBI Richmond Division History". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  25. ^ Ryzuk 1990, pp. 396–399
  26. ^ Ryzuk 1990, p. 452
  27. ^ Burling, Stacey; Horner, Carol; Saffron, Inga (June 11, 1989). "'He Just Fit Right In' – And That's How He Hid If Not for a TV Show, John List's New Life Might Have Forever Remained a Secret". Philly.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  28. ^ Halverson, Kathy (February 17, 2001). "The List Murders Stun Westfield In 1971". The Westfield Leader. Westfield, New Jersey. Archived from the original on March 21, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
  29. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 125–30
  30. ^ Halverson, Kathy (February 17, 2001). "The List Murders Stun Westfield In 1971". The Westfield Leader. Westfield, New Jersey. Archived from the original on March 21, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
  31. ^ a b c Sullivan, Joseph F. (April 7, 1990). "Slaying Suspect Saw 2 Choices, Doctor Testifies". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
  32. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 130–35
  33. ^ "I Know That What Has Been Done Is Wrong". The New York Times. New York City. March 29, 1990. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  34. ^ a b "Killer of Family Gets 5 Life Terms : Court: Judge sentences accountant who murdered his mother, wife and children 18 years ago to the maximum sentence". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California: Tronc. Associated Press. May 11, 1990. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  35. ^ "Judge Sentences Family Killer to Life in Prison". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California: Tronc. Associated Press. May 20, 1990. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  36. ^ List & Goodrich 2006, p. 80
  37. ^ Di Ionno, Mark (March 25, 2008). "The boogeyman of Westfield, a ghost story that won't end". The Star Ledger. Newark, New Jersey: Advance Publications. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  38. ^ Ryan, Desmond (December 3, 1989). "How Profitable Sequels Succeed: They Just Bring 'em Back Alive". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  39. ^ The Usual Suspects DVD commentary featuring Bryan Singer and Christopher McQuarrie, [2000]. Retrieved September 27, 2002.
  40. ^ Coreno, Catherine (October 22, 2007). "D.B. Cooper: A Timeline". New York. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
  41. ^ Benford & Johnson 1991, pp. 76–77
  42. ^ "The List Murders". Forensic Files. December 12, 1996.
  43. ^ "To Save Their Souls". American Justice. February 12, 2003.
  44. ^ "Murder House". Your Worst Nightmare. November 18, 2015.
  45. ^ "A Killer Next Door". July 21, 2020.

Further reading

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