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Brown hyena

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Brown hyena
Temporal range: Pliocene – Recent
At the Gemsbok National Park, South Africa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Hyaenidae
Genus: Hyaena
Species:
H. brunnea
Binomial name
Hyaena brunnea
Thunberg, 1820
Geographic range
Synonyms
  • Parahyena brunnea (Thunberg, 1820)

The brown hyena (Hyaena brunnea), also called strandwolf,[2] is a species of hyena found in Namibia, Botswana, western and southern Zimbabwe,[3] southern Mozambique and South Africa.[4] It is currently the rarest species of hyena.[5] The largest remaining brown hyena population is located in the southern Kalahari Desert and coastal areas in Southwest Africa.[6] The global population of brown hyena is estimated by IUCN at a number between 4,000 and 10,000 and its conservation status is marked as near threatened in the IUCN Red List.[1]

Habitat

The brown hyena inhabits desert areas, semi-desert, and open woodland savannahs.[7] It can survive close to urban areas by scavenging. The brown hyena favors rocky, mountainous areas, as they provide shade and it is not dependent on the ready availability of water sources for frequent drinking.[6] Home ranges are 233 to 466 km2 (90 to 180 sq mi) in size.[8] Although today it is only found in Africa, in the past it lived also in the Iberian Peninsula and perhaps in other parts of Europe: fossils of this species, belonging to the Upper Pliocene, have been found in the area of Granada.[9]

Description

A skull at the National Museum of Natural History, National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Brown hyenas are distinguished from other species by their long shaggy dark brown coat, pointed ears, and short tail.[10] Their legs are striped brown and white, and adults have a distinct cream-colored fur ruff around their necks.[11] Erectile hairs up to 305 mm (12.0 in) in length cover the neck and back and bristles during agonistic behavior.[4] Body length without tail have's a range of 100 to 140 cm, and with tail 125 to 175 cm. Shoulder height is around 82-87 cm and the tail is 25-35 cm. Unlike the larger spotted hyena, there are no sizable differences between the sexes,[12] although males may be slightly larger than females.[4] An average adult male weighs 45.7, while an average female weighs 43.2. Brown hyenas have powerful jaws. Young animals can crack the leg bones of springboks within five minutes of birth, though this ability deteriorates with age and dental wear.[5] The skulls of brown hyenas are larger than those of the more northern striped hyena, and their dentition is more robust, indicating a less generalized dietary adaptation.[13]

Behavior

Brown hyena stealing springbok kill from cheetahs.

Social behavior

Brown hyenas have a social hierarchy comparable to that of wolves, with a mated pair and their offspring. They live in clans composed of extended families of four to six individuals.[10] Clans defend their territory, and all members cooperate in raising cubs.[10] Territories are marked by 'pasting',[14] during which the hyena deposits secretions from its large anal gland, which is located below the base of the tail and produces a black and white paste, on vegetation and boulders.[7] Brown hyenas maintain a stable clan hierarchy through ritualized aggressive displays and mock fights. A brown hyena male can move up in rank by killing a higher ranking male in confrontation, while the alpha female is usually just the oldest female in the clan.[10] Emigration is common in brown hyena clans, particularly among young males, which will join other groups upon reaching adulthood.[4]

Reproduction and life cycle

The brown hyena does not have a mating season.[8] Female brown hyenas are polyestrous and typically produce their first litter when they are two years old. They mate primarily from May to August. Males and females in the same clan usually do not mate with each other, rather females will mate with nomadic males.[7] Clan males display no resistance to this behavior, and will assist the females in raising their cubs.[5] Females give birth in dens, which are hidden in remote sand dunes far from the territories of spotted hyenas and lions. The gestation period is around 3 months.[7] Mothers generally produce one litter every 20 months. Usually, only the dominant female breeds, but if two litters are born in the same clan, the mothers will nurse each other's cubs, though favoring their own.[5] Litters usually consist of 1–5 cubs, which weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb) at birth.[4] Unlike spotted hyenas,[5] brown hyenas are born with their eyes closed, and open them after eight days. Cubs are weaned at 12 months and leave their dens after 18 months.[4] Also unlike spotted hyenas, all adult members of the clan will carry food back to the cubs.[5] They are not fully weaned and do not leave the vicinity of their den until they reach 14 months of age.[4] Brown hyenas reach full size at an age of around 30 months[7] and have a life span of about 12 to 15 years.[8]

Dietary habits

Brown hyenas are primarily scavengers the bulk of whose diet consists of carcasses killed by larger predators, but they may supplement their diet with rodents, insects, eggs, fruit and fungi (the desert truffle Kalaharituber pfeilii).[15] They are however poor hunters, and live prey makes up only a small proportion of their diet: in the southern Kalahari, species such as springhare, springbok lambs, bat-eared foxes and korhaans constitute only 4.2% of their overall diet,[16] while on the Namib coast, cape fur seal pups compose 2.9% of their food.[17] They have an exceptional sense of smell and can locate carcasses kilometers away.[7] Brown hyenas are aggressive scavengers, frequently appropriating the kills of black-backed jackals, cheetahs, and leopards.[18] Single brown hyenas may charge at leopards with their jaws held wide open and can tree adult male leopards;[18] they have been observed treeing leopards even when no kill was in contention.[19] In the Kalahari Desert, brown hyenas are often the dominant mammalian carnivores present because of this dominance behavior and the relative scarcity of lions, spotted hyenas, and packs of African wild dogs. In areas where they overlap, brown hyenas may on rare occasions be killed by spotted hyenas and lions.[1]

In the Kalahari, 80% of a brown hyena's activity time is spent at night, searching for food in an area on spanning 31.1 km (19.3 mi) on average, with territories of 54.4 km (33.8 mi) having been recorded.[16] They may cache excess food in shrubs or holes and recover it within 24 hours.[4]

Threats and conservation status

The global population of brown hyena is estimated by IUCN at a number between 4,000 and 10,000.[6][1] They are listed as near threatened in the IUCN Red List.[1] The major threat to brown Hyenas is human persecution based on the mistaken belief that they are harmful to livestock. Farmers will find hyenas scavenging on livestock carcasses and wrongly assume that hyenas have killed their property.[16] Brown hyena body parts are also occasionally used for traditional medicines and rituals, but the species is not as sought after as the spotted hyena. The brown hyena is not in high demand for trophy hunting.[6] The only major predator of hyenas is the African lion. Hyena cubs are especially susceptible to lion predation.[20]

There are several conservation areas that are home to the brown hyena, including the Etosha National Park in Namibia, the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in Botswana and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (South Africa/Botswana).[6] The maintenance of these protected areas aids in the conservation of these animals. Educational campaigns are being utilized to promote awareness about hyenas and dispel prevailing myths, while problem individuals are removed from farmlands and urbanized areas.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiesel, I. (2015). "Parahyaena brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10276A82344448.
  2. ^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.
  3. ^ Williams, Samual T.; Williams, Kathryn S.; Joubert, Christoffel J.; Hill, Russell A. (14 January 2016). "The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe". PeerJ. 4: e1537. doi:10.7717/peerj.1537. PMC 4728035. PMID 26819838.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Nowak, Ronald (2005). Walker's carnivores of the world. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801880322. brown hyena.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Chapter 4: Rich Man's Table from David MacDonald’s The Velvet Claw BBC books, 1992
  6. ^ a b c d e f Holekamp, Kay. "Home". IUCN Hyaena Specialist Group. IUCN. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Mills, G; Hes, L (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
  8. ^ a b c Bhattacharya, Deepamala. "Brown Hyena". Animal Spot.
  9. ^ Arribas, Alfonso; Garrido, Guiomar; Palmqvist, Paul (2003). "Primera cita de Hyaena (Parahyaena) brunnea (Thunberg, 1820) (Mammalia, Carnivora) fuera de África: el registro del yacimiento del Plioceno superior de Fonelas P-1 (Cuenca de Guadix-Baza, Granada, España)" (PDF). Geotemas. 5: 37–39.
  10. ^ a b c d Stuart, C; Stuart, T (1997). Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa. London: Struik Publishers.
  11. ^ Kingdom, J (1997). The Kingdom Field. London: Academic Press Limited.
  12. ^ Estes, Richard (1991). The behavior guide to African mammals:including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520080850.
  13. ^ Heptner, V.G.; Sludskii, A.A. (1989). Mammals of the Soviet Union Volume II Part 2. ISBN 978-9004088764.
  14. ^ Mills, M. G. L., M. L. Gorman, and Margaret EJ Mills. "The scent marking behaviour of the brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea." South African Journal of Zoology 15.4 (1980): 240–248.
  15. ^ Trappe, JM; Claridge, AW; Arora, D; Smit, WA (2008). "Desert truffles of Kalahari:ecology, ethnomycology and taxonomy". Economic Botany. 3 (62): 521–529. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9027-6. S2CID 34319584.
  16. ^ a b c Mills, M.G.L (1990). Kalahari hyaenas: the comparative behavioral ecology of two species. London: Unwim Hyman.
  17. ^ Goss, R.A. (1986). The influence of food source on the behavioral ecology of brown hyaenas Hyaena brunnea in the Namib Desert. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
  18. ^ a b Owens, Mark; Owens, Delia (1984). Cry of the Kalahari. pp. 133–135.
  19. ^ Owens, Delia; Owens, Mark (1980). "Hyenas of the Kalahari". Natural History. 2 (89): 50.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mike was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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