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United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee

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"USOC" redirects here. For the American club soccer competition, see U.S. Open Cup.
United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee
United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee logo
Country/Region United States
CodeUSA
Created1894
Recognized1894
Continental
Association		PASO
HeadquartersColorado Springs, Colorado
PresidentSusanne Lyons
Secretary GeneralSarah Hirschland[1]
Websitewww.teamusa.org
U.S. Paralympics
a division of the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee
U.S. Paralympics a division of the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee logo
National Paralympic Committee
Country United States
CodeUSA
Recognized2001
Continental
association		APC
HeadquartersColorado Springs, Colorado
PresidentCheri Blauwet
Websitewww.teamusa.org/US-Paralympic

The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) is the National Olympic Committee and the National Paralympic Committee for the United States. It was founded in 1895 as the United States Olympic Committee, and is headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The USOPC is one of only four NOCs in the world that also serve as the National Paralympic Committee for their country. The USOPC is responsible for supporting, entering and overseeing U.S. teams for the Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, Youth Olympic Games, Pan American Games, and Parapan American Games and serves as the steward of the Olympic and Paralympic Movements in the United States. The US will next compete in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

The Olympic Movement is overseen by the International Olympic Committee. The IOC is supported by 35 international federations that govern each sport on a global level, National Olympic Committees that oversee Olympic sport as a whole in their respective nations, and national federations that administer each sport at the national level (called National Governing Bodies, or NGBs, in the United States). The National Paralympic Committee is the sole governing body responsible for the selection and training of all athletes participating in the Paralympic Games.

The USOPC is one of 204 NOCs and 174 NPCs within the international Olympic and Paralympic movements. Forty-seven NGBs are members of the USOPC. Fifteen of the NGBs also manage sports on the Paralympic program (there's less Paralympic sports in the world). While the USOPC governs four Paralympic sports (cycling, skiing, swimming and track & field), five other Paralympic sports are governed by U.S. members of International Paralympic Federations (wheelchair basketball, boccia, goalball, powerlifting and wheelchair rugby).

Unlike most other nations, the United States government does not have a Ministry of Sports and does not fund its Olympic Committee. This is in part due to the taboo of mixing sports and politics in the US. The USOPC was reorganized by the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, originally enacted in 1978. It is a federally chartered nonprofit corporation and does not receive federal financial support (other than for select Paralympic military programs). Pursuant to the Act, the USOPC has the exclusive right to use and authorize the use of Olympic-related marks, images and terminology in the United States. The USOPC licenses that right to sponsors as a means of generating revenue in support of its mission.[2][3]

The USOPC was previously called the United States Olympic Committee, or USOC, but changed its name on June 20, 2019, the first Olympic Committee in the world to include the word “Paralympic” in its name.[4]

History

U.S. Olympic Committee headquarters in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Team USA logo
U.S. Olympic Team logo

Upon the founding of the International Olympic Committee in 1894, the two American IOC members – James Edward Sullivan and William Milligan Sloane – formed a committee to organize the participation of American athletes in the 1896 Summer Olympics, in Athens, Greece. In 1921, the committee adopted a constitution and bylaws to formally organize the American Olympic Association.

From 1928 to 1953, its president was Avery Brundage, who later went on to become the president of the IOC, the only American to do so.

In 1940, the AOA changed its name to the United States of America Sports Federation and, in 1945, changed it again to the United States Olympic Association. In 1950, federal mandate allowed the USOA to solicit tax-deductible contributions as a private, non-profit corporation. After several constitutional revisions were made to the federal charter in 1961, the name was changed to the United States Olympic Committee.

The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 (later renamed in the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act) established the USOPC, then referred to as the USOC (United States Olympic Committee), as the coordinating body for all Olympic-related athletic activity in the United States, specifically relating to international competition. The USOPC was also given the responsibility of promoting and supporting physical fitness and public participation in athletic activities by encouraging developmental programs in its member organizations. The provisions protect individual athletes, and provide the USOPC's counsel and authority to oversee Olympic and Paralympic business in the United States.

The public law not only protects the trademarks of the IOC and USOPC, but also gives the USOPC exclusive rights to the words "Olympic," "Olympiad" and "Citius, Altius, Fortius," as well as commercial use of Olympic and Paralympic marks and terminology in the United States, excluding Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, which fall under the authority of separate NOCs and NPCs.

One of the many revolutionary elements contained within the legislation was the Paralympic Amendment – an initiative that fully integrated the Paralympic Movement into the USOPC by Congressional mandate in 1998.

U.S. Paralympics, a division of the USOPC, was founded in 2001. In addition to selecting and managing the teams which compete for the United States in the Paralympic Games, U.S. Paralympics is also responsible for supporting Paralympic community and military sports programs around the country. In 2006, the USOPC created the Paralympic Military Program with the goal of providing Paralympic sports as a part of the rehabilitation process for injured soldiers.[5][6] Through the U.S. Olympic Committee Paralympic Military Program, USOPC hosted the Warrior Games for wounded service personnel from 2010 to 2014, until the organization of the event was taken on by the Department of Defense in 2015.[7][8]

The USOPC moved its headquarters from New York City to Colorado Springs on July 1, 1978. Thanks to the generous support of the City of Colorado Springs and its residents, the USOPC headquarters moved to its present location in downtown Colorado Springs in April 2010, while the previous site – located just 2 miles (3 km) away – remains a U.S. Olympic Training Center.

In October 2007, the ARCO Training Center in Chula Vista, California (see below) was closed temporarily due to the Harris Fire, one of many that ravaged southern California.[9]

After convening in 2010 the Working Group for Safe Training Environments,[10] USOPC formed the Safe Sport program to address child sexual abuse, bullying, hazing and harassment and emotional, physical and sexual misconduct within its domain.[11] Several national law firms were enlisted "to aid ... National Governing Bodies ..., free of charge, in responding to claims of misconduct in sport".[12]

In February 2011 the USOPC launched an anti-steroid campaign in conjunction with the Ad Council called "Play Asterisk Free" aimed at teens. The campaign first launched in 2008 under the name "Don't Be An Asterisk".[13][14]

The United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum will be opening in Colorado Springs after April 2020.[15]

Governance

The USOPC is governed by a 16-member board of directors and a professional staff headed by a CEO. The USOPC also has three constituent councils to serve as sources of opinion and advice to the board and USOPC staff, including the Athletes' Advisory Council, National Governing Bodies Council and Multi-Sport Organizations Council. The AAC and NGBC have three representatives on the board, while six members of the board are independent. The USOPC CEO and all American members of the IOC (Anita DeFrantz, James Easton and Angela Ruggiero) are ex officio members of the board.

The USOPC named Blackmun CEO on Jan. 6, 2010. Blackmun held a previous stint at the USOPC, serving as acting chief executive officer (2001), senior managing director of sport (2000) and general counsel (1999). He also serves on the IOC's Marketing Commission and on the board of the National Foundation for Fitness, Sports and Nutrition.[16]

On Oct. 2, 2008, Lawrence F. Probst III was elected chairman of the USOPC board of directors. Probst also serves on the IOC's International Relations Commission, a post he assumed by IOC appointment on March 10, 2011. [17]

National Governing Body Members

National Governing Bodies are organizations that look after all aspects of their individual sports. The NGBs are responsible for the training, competition and development of athletes for their sports, as well as nominating athletes to the U.S. Olympic, Paralympic, Youth Olympic, Pan American and Para-Pan American Teams. There are currently 39 Olympic summer sport NGBs in the United States and eight Olympic winter sport NGBs.[18] [19] Sport climbing, skateboarding, and surfing were added to the Olympic roster of sports for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Some Olympic sports aren't featured in the Paralympics, that is why there are more solely Olympic NGBs rather than those that manage both Olympic and Paralympic divisions.

National Governing Body Summer or Winter Paralympic
program?		 Headquarters
USA Archery Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Badminton Summer yes Anaheim, California
USA Baseball Summer no Durham, North Carolina
USA Basketball Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
U.S. Biathlon Winter yes New Gloucester, Maine
USA Bobsled and Skeleton Winter no Colorado Springs, Colorado
U.S. Bowling Congress Summer (not an Olympic sport) no Arlington, Texas
USA Boxing Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
American Canoe Summer no Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
USA Curling Winter yes Stevens Point, Wisconsin
USA Cycling Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Diving Summer no Indianapolis, Indiana
US Equestrian Summer yes Lexington, Kentucky
US Fencing Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Field Hockey Summer no Virginia Beach, Virginia
U.S. Figure Skating Winter no Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Golf Summer no St. Augustine, Florida
USA Gymnastics Summer no Indianapolis, Indiana
USA Hockey Winter yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Judo Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Karate Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Luge Winter no Lake Placid, New York
USA Modern Pentathlon Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Racquetball Summer (not an Olympic sport) no Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Roller Sports Summer (not an Olympic sport) no Lincoln, Nebraska
US Rowing Summer yes Princeton, New Jersey
USA Rugby Summer no Boulder, Colorado
US Sailing Summer yes Bristol, Rhode Island
USA Shooting Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Skateboarding Summer no Santa Monica, California
U.S. Ski and Snowboard Winter yes Park City, Utah
U.S. Soccer Federation Summer yes Chicago, Illinois
USA Softball Summer yes Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
US Speedskating Winter no Kearns, Utah
US Squash Summer (not an Olympic sport) no New York, New York
USA Surfing Summer no San Juan Capistrano, California
USA Swimming Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Synchro Summer no Indianapolis, Indiana
USA Table Tennis Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Taekwondo Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Team Handball Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
US Tennis Summer yes White Plains, New York
USA Track & Field Summer no Indianapolis, Indiana
USA Triathlon Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Volleyball Summer yes Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Water Polo Summer no Huntington Beach, California
USA Water Ski Summer (not an Olympic sport) no Polk City, Florida
USA Weightlifting Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado
USA Wrestling Summer no Colorado Springs, Colorado

Fundraising efforts

The United States Olympic Committee is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation supported by American individuals and corporate sponsors. Unlike most other nations, the USOPC does not receive direct government funding for Olympic programs[20] (except for select Paralympic military programs).[citation needed]

The USOPC's main sources of revenue are television broadcast rights, sponsorships and philanthropy in the form of major gifts and direct mail income. Additional funding comes from the government for Paralympic programming, as well as other sources such as the city of Colorado Springs and the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Foundation.

The USOPC asks for contributions from time to time using public service announcements and other direct solicitations. Also, some proceeds from sales in its online store benefit the committee.

The USOPC currently does not hold telethons or other fundraising events, but has in the past.[21]

Criticism

There has been some financial conflict between the USOPC and International Olympic Committee (IOC), with some pointing out the frequent leadership changes of USOPC, and USOPC trying to broadcast the Olympics using its own television network, which the IOC discouraged. USOPC president Peter Ueberroth allegedly stonewalled a negotiation between IOC and USOPC to discuss the revenue sharing of the US broadcasts with IOC. Under a long-standing contract, the USOPC has received a 20 percent share of global sponsorship revenue and a 12.75 percent cut of U.S. broadcast rights deals (not that much given the fact that the USOPC is the only NOC in the world not to receive government funding, other countries fund their Olympic Committees, plus more than a half of the Olympic global sponsors are American companies, but the USOPC didn't receive only 20% (not 50%) of sponsorship revenue). The IOC believed the USOPC share, set out in an open-ended contract dating to 1996, was excessive and should be renegotiated. The USOPC argued that it saved the Olympic movement by hosting the most financially successful Games in the history of the Olympics in 1984. In the 1980s, after the disastrous and unprofitable 1976 and 1980 Olympics, many believed the Olympic movement was in decline. However, the U.S. hosted the most financially successful games without government funding (unlike Montreal 1976 and Moscow 1980) and revitalized the Olympic movement. The failure of the 2012 and 2016 US Olympic bids[22] was partly blamed by some on USOPC.[23][24][25] For instance, NBC television executive Dick Ebersol said after the failed 2016 bid, "This was the IOC membership saying to the USOPC there will be no more domestic Olympics until you give more to the IOC".[26] A new revenue-sharing agreement was signed in 2012.[27]

USOPC has also been criticized for not providing equal funding to Paralympic athletes, compared to Olympic athletes. In 2003, a lawsuit was filed by American Paralympic athletes Tony Iniguez, Scot Hollonbeck and Jacob Heilveil.[28] They alleged that the USOPC was underfunding American Paralympic athletes. Iniguez cited the fact that the USOPC made health care benefits available to a smaller percentage of Paralympians, provided smaller quarterly training stipends and paid smaller financial awards for medals won at the Paralympics. American Paralympians saw this as a disadvantage for Paralympic athletes, as nations such as Canada and the United Kingdom support Paralympians and Olympians virtually equally. The USOPC did not deny the discrepancy in funding, but contended that this was due to the fact that it did not receive any government financial support. As a result, it had to rely on revenue generated by the media exposure of its athletes. Olympic athletic success resulted in greater exposure for the USOPC than Paralympic athletic achievements. The case was heard by lower courts, who ruled that the USOPC has the right to allocate its finances to athletes at different rates. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court,[29] who on September 6, 2008 announced that it would not hear the appeal. However, during the time the lawsuit had lasted (from 2003 to 2008), the funding of Paralympic athletes more than tripled. In 2008, $11.4 million was earmarked for Paralympic athletes, up from $3 million in 2004.[28] In 2018, the USOPC announced it would increase its Operation Gold Awards for U.S. Paralympic athletes to be equal to payments earned by U.S. Olympic athletes.[30]

In the run-up to the 2012 Summer Olympics, it was discovered that the American uniforms for the Games' opening and closing ceremonies, designed by Ralph Lauren, were manufactured in China. This sparked criticism of the USOPC from media pundits, the public and members of Congress.[31]

In 2018, the USOPC came under fire for its complicity in the sexual assault and abuse of women and girls at the hands of former USA Gymnastics national team doctor Larry Nassar.[32] Olympian Aly Raisman released a public statement accusing the committee of failing "to acknowledge its role in this mess."[33] In the wake of Nasar's convictions, more than 150 lawsuits are pending against people and institutions related to the case, including the USOPC.[34] In May 2018, the USOPC was accused of knowingly participating in sex trafficking in a class-action lawsuit. In response, the committee said it was "aggressively exploring and implementing new ways to enhance athlete safety".[35][36][37]

Training facilities

The grounds of the training facilities in Colorado Springs

The USOPC operates Olympic Training Centers at which aspiring Olympians prepare for international competition:

Although catered toward elite athlete training, these complexes are also open to the public (the only Olympic training facilities in the world to be open to the public)[citation needed] and offer a variety of services, including tours and regular camps and competitions for various domestic and international sport programs.

Additionally, the USOPC partners with 16 elite training sites across the country, to provide U.S. athletes with Olympic-caliber facilities that positively impact performance. Facilities with U.S. Olympic training site designation have invested millions of dollars in operating, staffing, equipment and training costs. These sites are often selected to host U.S. Olympic Team Trials and support Team USA athletes prepare for the Olympic Games.

Awards

The USOPC administers a number of awards and honors for individuals and teams who have significant achievements in Olympic and Paralympic sports, or who have made contributions to the Olympic and Paralympic movement in the U.S.[38]

  • USOPC Athlete of the Year - Awards are given annually to the top overall male athlete, female athlete, Paralympic athlete, and team, from among the USOPC's member organizations.
  • USOPC Coach of the Year - Awards are given annually to the top national, developmental, Paralympic, and volunteer coaches, and for achievement in sports science.
  • U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame - The Hall of Fame honors Olympic and Paralympic athletes, teams, coaches, and others who have demonstrated extraordinary service to the U.S. Olympic movement.
  • U.S. Olympic Spirit Award - This award is given biennially to athletes demonstrating spirit, courage, and achievement at the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
  • Jack Kelly Fair Play Award – Presented annually to an athlete, coach or official in recognition of an outstanding act of fair play and sportsmanship displayed during the past year.
  • Rings of Gold Award – Awards are presented annually in honor of an individual and a program dedicated to helping children develop their Olympic or Paralympic dreams and reach their highest athletic and personal potential.
  • Olympic Torch Award – Presented annually to an individual who has positively impacted the Olympic Movement and has contributed to promoting the Olympic Ideals throughout the U.S.

When a US athlete wins an Olympic medal, as of 2016 the USOPC pays the winner $25,000 for gold, $15,000 for silver and $10,000 for bronze.[39] USOPC increases the payouts by 25% to $37,000 for gold, $22,500 for silver and $15,000 for bronze beginning in 2017.[40]

Partnerships

The USOPC generates support from two principal types of Olympic sponsorship: worldwide and domestic. Each level of sponsorship grants companies different marketing rights and offers exclusive use of designated Olympic and Team USA images and marks. Under the domestic sponsorship program, the USOPC also has special partnerships with various licensees, suppliers and outfitters that provide vital services and products to support Team USA. Across all levels of sponsorship, the USOPC is committed to preserving the values of the Olympic properties and protecting the exclusive rights of Olympic sponsors.

Worldwide

Created by the International Olympic Committee in 1985, the Olympic Partners TOP program is the highest level of Olympic sponsorship, granting exclusive worldwide marketing rights to the Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. Managed by the IOC, the TOP program supports the OCOGs, NOCs and the IOC.

Operating on a four-year term in line with each Olympic quadrennium, the TOP program features approximately 10 worldwide Olympic Partners, with each receiving exclusive global marketing rights within a designated product or service category.

US Domestic

The Olympic Games domestic sponsorship program grants marketing rights within the host country or territory only. Under the direction of the IOC, the USOPC manages the domestic program within the United States. Like the worldwide TOP program, the domestic sponsorship program operates on the principle of product-category exclusivity. Approximately 20 corporations currently participate in the U.S. domestic sponsorship program, which enables the USOPC to deliver increased funding and equitable distribution to National Governing Bodies. The establishment of these long-term domestic partnerships helps generate independent financial stability for American athletes while ensuring the viability of the Team USA on the international stage.

Licensees

The USOPC has granted licensing rights to nearly three dozen companies to manufacture and distribute official licensed products, which convey the rich history of American culture and commemorates the Olympic Movement. These companies are referred to as licensees and pay a royalty for each item sold bearing any related Olympic, USOPC or Team USA marks.

Media coverage

NBCUniversal has held the American broadcasting rights of the Summer Olympics since 1988, and the broadcasting rights of the Winter Olympics since 2002. In 2011, NBC agreed to a $4.38 billion contract with the IOC to broadcast the 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 Games. On May 7, 2014, NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract with the IOC to broadcast the 2022, 2024, 2026, 2028, 2030, and 2032 Games. The IOC distributes Olympic broadcast revenue through Olympic Solidarity – the body responsible for managing and administering the share of the television rights of the Olympic Games. Under the current format, the revenue is allocated to the NOCs – including the USOPC – the local organizing committee and International Federations.[41]

In 2009, the USOPC and Comcast announced plans for The U.S. Olympic Network, which would have aired Olympic-sports events, news, and classic footage. However, the USOPC met opposition from the International Olympic Committee, which preferred to deal with NBCU (and its then-new Universal Sports joint venture). Later, Comcast purchased NBCUniversal, and eventually Universal Sports was discontinued, with interim programming agreements to air events on NBCSN and Universal HD made. On July 1, 2017, NBCUniversal launched the Olympic Channel on the former channel space of Universal HD; the USOPC is a partial operating partner in the network with the NBC Sports Group and it contains archived content from the USOPC.[42][43]

Relationship between IOC and USOPC

In May 2012, USOPC's leaders negotiated a resolution with the IOC, addressing a decades-long revenue sharing debate and paving the way for a peaceful future between the two bodies. The new agreement elevates the USOPC's global perception and restructures how worldwide Olympic sponsorship and U.S. TV revenues are shared, while providing for USOPC contributions to Olympic Games costs.

The agreement, revising 27-year-old terms governing the USOPC's shares of worldwide Olympic sponsorship and U.S. broadcast rights revenue, preserves the USOPC's future revenue at current levels and includes an escalator for inflation. Under the terms of the new agreement, the USOPC is guaranteed seven percent of the U.S. broadcast revenue and 10 percent of the IOC's global sponsorship revenue. The agreement guarantees the USOPC approximately $410 million per quadrennium, plus inflation and a percentage of revenue from new growth areas, beginning in 2020.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ "United States of America - National Olympic Committee (NOC)". International Olympic Committee. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  2. ^ "Charity Navigator - Rating for United States Olympic Committee". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  3. ^ "U.S. Funding of Olympic Athletes". Archived from the original on 2010-03-12. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  4. ^ "062019 US Olympic Committee changes name to US Olympic and Paralympic Committee". Team USA. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  5. ^ "Ability Magazine: Paralympic Military — Sport as Rehabilitation". Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  6. ^ "Military". U.S. Paralympics. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  7. ^ Secretary of Defense (March 13, 2015). "Department of Defense Warrior Games 2015" (PDF). Department of Defense. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  8. ^ "Warrior Games 2014". Warrior Transition Command. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
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  10. ^ "The USOC Program", safesport.org webpage, n.d. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  11. ^ "The USOC Commitment", safesport.org webpage, n.d. The commitment letter bears the signature of Scott Blackmun, USOC Chief Executive Officer. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  12. ^ "Legal Referral Network", safesport.org webpage, n.d. The six law firms listed in the network in March 2013 were: Arent Fox, Foley & Lardner LLP, Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Sidley Austin LLP, and White & Case. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  13. ^ "US Olympic Committee: Don't be an Asterisk", YouTube, August 9, 2008. Uploaded by arattauna. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  14. ^ "United States Olympic Committee and Ad Council Launch Anti-Steroid Social Media Campaign and National Sweepstakes", Ad Council via Marketwire, February 07, 2011. In March 2013, link on the page to http://www.PlayAsteriskFree.com Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine went to https://www.facebook.com/USOlympicTeam Archived 2015-03-03 at the Wayback Machine and one to https://www.facebook.com/PlayAsteriskFree went to https://www.facebook.com/home.php. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  15. ^ "Olympic & Paralympic Museum on the Horizon in COS". Visit Colorado Springs. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  16. ^ Bloomberg.com https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=32853755&privcapId=4278213&previousCapId=22666093&previousTitle=DISCOVERY+COMMUNICATIONS-A. Retrieved 21 June 2019. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  19. ^ "yogo pants - Google Search". Google.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
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  21. ^ As of yet, the only telethon was Olympa-Thon '79, which took place on NBC from primetime on April 21 through late night on April 22 in 1979. Participants included the reunited duo of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, O.J. Simpson among other US Olympians.
  22. ^ Mihalopoulos, Dan (October 4, 2009). "Chicago Olympic dream dashed". Chicago Tribune.
  23. ^ "Abrahamson: Rio the big winner, USOC the prime loser - Universal Sports". 5 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
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  25. ^ "ioc-member-it-wasnt-chicago-it-was-usoc", chicagobreakingnews.com, 2009/10. Archived October 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Hersh, Philip. "Chicago's Early Exit Should Be Usoc Wake-up Call". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  27. ^ "IOC, USOC resolve differences over revenues". Espn.com. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  28. ^ a b Court Lets Ruling Stand in U.S.O.C. Case, New York Times, October 6, 2008
  29. ^ Schwarz, Alan (2008-09-05). "Paralympic Athletes Add Equality to Their Goals". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
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  31. ^ "Olympics notebook". The Associated Press. 13 July 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  32. ^ Rutherford, Peter (2018-02-09). "U.S. Olympic system failed abused gymnasts: USOC". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  33. ^ sport, Guardian (2018-01-23). "Aly Raisman launches attack on US Olympic Committee over Nassar abuse". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  34. ^ "Larry Nassar is going away, but the gymnastics sex-abuse scandal isn't". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  35. ^ Emanuella Grinberg (May 8, 2018). "Lawsuit accuses US Olympics, taekwondo stars of sex trafficking". CNN. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  36. ^ Kalhan Rosenblatt and Ali Gostanian (May 8, 2018). "Lawsuit accuses USA Taekwondo, U.S. Olympic Committee of sex trafficking". NBC News. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  37. ^ Will Hobson (May 7, 2018). "Lawsuit accuses USOC, USA Taekwondo of sex trafficking by not acting on complaints". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  38. ^ "U.S. Olympic Honors". Usolympicteam.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  39. ^ Cao, Athena Cao (15 August 2016) Uncle Sam goes for gold, too: Up to $9,900 per Olympic gold medal First Coast News via USA Today
  40. ^ "USOC Increases 'Operation Gold' Payouts By 25% Beginning in 2017". Swimswam.com. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  41. ^ Comcast, U.S. Olympic Committee to Launch Cable Net, Mediaweek, July 8, 2009
  42. ^ Petski, Denise (2017-06-15). "Olympic Channel Gets July Launch Date". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  43. ^ "NBCUniversal Sets Olympic Channel Launch Date". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
  44. ^ "IOC, USOC finalize revenue deal". Espn.com. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
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