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Ebrahim Raisi
President-elect of Iran
Assuming office
3 August 2021
Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei
Vice PresidentTBA
SucceedingHassan Rouhani
Chief Justice of Iran
Incumbent
Assumed office
7 March 2019
Appointed byAli Khamenei
First ViceGholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Preceded bySadeq Larijani
Prosecutor-General of Iran
In office
23 August 2014 – 1 April 2016
Appointed bySadeq Larijani
Preceded byGholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Succeeded byMohammad Jafar Montazeri
Member of the Assembly of Experts
Incumbent
Assumed office
24 May 2016
ConstituencySouth Khorasan Province
Majority325,139 (80.0%)[1]
In office
20 February 2007 – 21 May 2016
ConstituencySouth Khorasan Province
Majority200,906 (68.6%)
First Vice Chief Justice of Iran
In office
27 July 2004 – 23 August 2014
Chief JusticeMahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
Sadeq Larijani
Preceded byMohammad-Hadi Marvi[2]
Succeeded byGholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Chairman of General Inspection Office
In office
22 August 1994 – 9 August 2004
Appointed byMohammad Yazdi
Preceded byMostafa Mohaghegh Damad
Succeeded byMohammad Niazi
Personal details
Born
Seyyed Ebrahim Raisol-Sadati

(1960-12-14) 14 December 1960 (age 64)
Mashhad, Imperial State of Iran
Political partyCombatant Clergy Association[3]
Other political
affiliations		Islamic Republican Party (until 1987)[3]
SpouseJamileh Alamolhoda[4]
Children2[5]
RelativesAhmad Alamolhoda (father-in-law)
Alma materShahid Motahari University[3]
Qom Seminary[3]
WebsiteOfficial website

Sayyid Ebrahim Raisol-Sadati (Template:Lang-fa; born 14 December 1960),[6][7] commonly known as Ebrahim Raisi (Template:Lang-fa, pronunciationⓘ), is an Iranian conservative and principlist politician and Muslim jurist who is the President-elect of Iran, having been elected in the 2021 Iranian presidential election.[8]

Raisi has served in several positions in Iran's judicial system, such as Deputy Chief Justice (2004–2014), Attorney General (2014–2016), and Chief Justice (2019-present). He was also Prosecutor and Deputy Prosecutor of Tehran in the 1980s and 1990s, during which he oversaw the execution of thousands of political dissidents and prisoners. He was Custodian and Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi, a bonyad, from 2016 until 2019.[9] He is also a member of Assembly of Experts from South Khorasan Province, being elected for the first time in the 2006 election. He is the son-in-law of Mashhad Friday prayer leader and Grand Imam of Imam Reza shrine, Ahmad Alamolhoda.

Raisi ran for president in 2017[10] as the candidate of the conservative Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces,[11] losing to moderate incumbent President Hassan Rouhani, 57% to 38.3%. He was one of the four people in the prosecution committee, responsible for the execution of thousands of political prisoners in Iran in 1988 which is labeled Death committee by Islamic Republic of Iran's opposition groups and some western media. [12][13][14][15] He is sanctioned by the US Office of Foreign Assets Control[16][17] in accordance with Executive Order 13876. He is accused of crimes against humanity by international human rights organizations and United Nations special rapporteurs.[18] Raisi successfully ran for president a second time in 2021, succeeding Hassan Rouhani, who was term-limited.

Early life

Ebrahim Raisi in 1980

Ebrahim Raisi was born on 14 December 1960 to a Persian clerical family in the Noghan district of Mashhad. His father, Seyed Haji, died when he was 5.[3]

Academic education

There is no credible source to have verified Raisi's traditional schooling record. His campaign website's biography page mentions only primary schooling but not whether he finished high school.[19] He has claimed to have received a doctorate degree in Private law from Motahari University; however, this has been disputed.[20]

Ebrahim Raisi in Iran-Iraq war era (1980s)

Clerical credentials

He began to study in Qom Seminary at the age of 15.[3] Then he decided to educate in Navvab school for a short time. After that, he went to Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Mousavi Nezhad school and his studying was coincided with teaching to other students. In 1976, he went to Qom to continue his studying in Ayatollah Borujerdi school. He was the student of Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Morteza Motahhari, Abolghasem Khazali, Hossein Noori Hamedani, Ali Meshkini and Morteza Pasandideh.[21][22] According to Alex Vatanka of the Middle East Institute, Raisi's "exact religious qualification" is a "sore point". "For a while" prior to investigation by the Iranian media, he "referred to himself" as "Ayatollah" on his personal website. However, according to Vatanka, the media "publicized his lack of formal religious education" and credentials, after which Raisi ceased claiming to hold the aforementioned rank. After this investigation and criticism he "refer[ed] to himself as hojat-ol-eslam", a clerical rank immediately beneath that of Ayatollah.[23] Raisi subsequently again declared himself an Ayatollah shortly before the 2021 presidential election.[24]

Judicial career

Early years

In 1981, he was appointed the prosecutor of Karaj. Later on, he was also appointed as Prosecutor of Hamadan and served both position together. He was simultaneously active in two cities more than 300 km away from each other.[25] After four months, he was appointed as Prosecutor of Hamadan Province.[3]

Tehran deputy prosecutor

He was appointed as Deputy prosecutor of Tehran in 1985 and moved to the capital.[26] After three years and in early 1988, he was placed in the attention of Ruhollah Khomeini and received special provisions (independent from judiciary) from him to address legal issues in some provinces like Lorestan, Semnan and Kermanshah.

1988 executions

Main article: 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners

Hussein-Ali Montazeri named Raisi as one of the four persons involved in the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners.[27] Other persons were Morteza Eshraghi (Prosecutor of Tehran), Hossein-Ali Nayeri (Judge) and Mostafa Pourmohammadi (MOI representative in Evin). Names of first two persons are mentioned in Khomeini's order. Pourmohammadi has denied his role but Raisi has not commented publicly on the matter yet.[28][29]

The 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners was a series of state-sponsored execution of political prisoners across Iran, starting on 19 July 1988 and lasting for approximately five months.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The majority of those killed were supporters of the People's Mujahedin of Iran, although supporters of other leftist factions, including the Fedaian and the Tudeh Party of Iran (Communist Party), were executed as well.[36][37] According to Amnesty International, "thousands of political dissidents were systematically subjected to enforced disappearance in Iranian detention facilities across the country and extrajudicially executed pursuant to an order issued by the Supreme Leader of Iran and implemented across prisons in the country. Many of those killed during this time were subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in the process."[38]

The killings have been described as a political purge without precedent in modern Iranian history, both in terms of scope and coverup.[39] However, the exact number of prisoners executed remains a point of contention. Amnesty International, after interviewing dozens of relatives, puts the number in thousands;[40] and then-Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini's deputy, Hussein-Ali Montazeri put the number between 2,800 and 3,800 in his memoirs,[41] but an alternative estimation suggests that the number exceeded 30,000.[42] Because of the large number, prisoners were loaded into forklift trucks in groups of six and hanged from cranes in half-hour intervals.[43]

Senior positions

After Khomeini's death and election of Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader, Raisi was appointed as Tehran prosecutor by newly appointed Chief-Justice Mohammad Yazdi. He held the office for five years from 1989 to 1994. In 1994, he was appointed as head of General Inspection Office.

From 2004 until 2014, Raisi served as First Deputy Chief Justice of Iran, being appointed by Chief Justice Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi. He kept his position in Sadeq Larijani's first term as Chief Justice. He was later appointed as Attorney-General of Iran in 2014, a position that he held until 2016, when he resigned to become Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi.[44] He has also served as Special Clerical Court prosecutor.

Astan Quds chairmanship

He became Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi on 7 March 2016 after the death of his predecessor Abbas Vaez-Tabasi.[45][46] He is the second person to serve this office from 1979. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei enumerated serving the pilgrims of the holy shrine, especially poor people and also serve nearby, especially the poor and dispossessed as two important responsibilities of Raisi in his appointment order.[47]

2017 presidential election

Main article: Ebrahim Raisi presidential campaign, 2017
Raisi speaking at a presidential campaign rally in Tehran's Shahid Shiroudi Stadium

Raisi was named as one of the Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces (JAMNA)'s presidential candidates in February 2017.[48] His candidacy was also supported by the Front of Islamic Revolution Stability.[49][50] He officially announced his nomination in a statement published on 6 April, and called it his “religious and revolutionary responsibility to run”, citing the need for a “fundamental change in the executive management of the country” and a government that “fights poverty and corruption.”[51] He registered on 14 April 2017 at Ministry of Interior with saying it's time to perform citizenship rights, not only writing act.[52]

On 15 May 2017, conservative candidate Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf withdrew his candidacy in favor of Raisi.[53] It was speculated that Ghalibaf would be Raisi's first vice president if he was elected.[54] They also joined in a campaign rally in Tehran with each other.

Raisi has been described as "a favorite and possible successor" to Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, by several sources,[23][55][56] (at least before his electoral defeat).[57]

After election results were announced, Raisi received 15,786,449 out of 42,382,390 (38.30% of the votes). He lost to Incumbent President Rouhani and ranked second. He did not congratulate Rouhani on his re-election as the president,[58] and asked the Guardian Council to look into "violations of the law" before and during the elections, with 100 pages of attached documentation.[59]

Presidency

2021 presidential election

In 2021, Raisi ran again for the presidency, and won the election.[60] The election had a 48.8% turnout, and 62% went to Raisi.

3.7 million of 28.9 million votes were not counted, likely because they were blank or otherwise invalid protest votes.[61]

Almost 600 candidates, 40 of which were female, registered in the election, of which 7 men were approved a month before the election by the 12 jurists and theologians on the Guardian Council (an unelected body that has the final decision on candidate validity based on the strength of 'the candidates' qualifications' ). Three of those seven candidates were subsequently pulled out before polling day. Before he withdrew, reformist candidate Mohsen Mehralizadeh hinted that the vote would be a foregone conclusion, saying during a candidates' TV debate that the ruling clerics had aligned "sun, moon and the heavens to make one particular person the president," according to The Economist. Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, among those barred from running, said in a video message that he would not vote, declaring: "I do not want to have a part in this sin.".[62]

File:Ebrahim raisi.jpg
Ebrahim raisi during 2021 Iranian presidential election

Possible successor as Supreme Leader

In 2019 Saeid Golkar of Al Jazeera called Raisi "the most likely successor of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei" as Supreme Leader of Iran.[63] In 2020 Dexter Filkins described him as "frequently mentioned" as a successor to Khamenei.[64]

Political views

Raisi supports sex segregation. He said in a 2014 interview about a planned segregation in Tehran Municipality that "I think this is a good move because the majority of women do a better job in a totally relaxed atmosphere and fit are required."[65] He is also a supporter of Islamization of universities, revision of the Internet and censorship of Western culture.[66][67][68] Raisi claims he sees economic sanctions as an opportunity.[69]

Economics

In 2017 Raisi reported “I see the activation of a resistance economy as the only way to end poverty and deprivation in the country.”[70] He supports development of the agricultural sector over commercial retail, which “will eventually benefit foreign brands.”[71]

In 2017 he promised to triple the monthly state benefits, currently 450,000 rials per citizen, in order to tackle corruption and create six million jobs.[72]

Foreign policy

Answering reporters about his foreign policy, he said it “would be to establish ties with every country except Israel.”[73]

Electoral history

Year Election Votes % Rank Notes
2006 Assembly of Experts 200,906 68.6% 1st Won[1]
2016 Assembly of Experts Increase 325,139 Increase 80.0% 1st Won[74]
2017 President 15,835,794 38.28% 2nd Lost[75]
2021 President 17,926,345 61.95% 1st Won[76]

Personal life

Raisi is married to Jamileh Alamolhoda, daughter of Mashhad Friday Prayers Imam, Ahmad Alamolhoda. She is an associate professor at Tehran's Shahid Beheshti University and also president of the university's Institute of Fundamental Studies of Science and Technology.[77] They have two daughters and two grandchildren.[5] One of their daughters studied at Sharif university and the other one at Tehran university.[5][78]

Sanctions

Raisi is one of nine Iranian officials listed in November 2019 subjected to sanctions by the United States Department of State due to alleged human rights abuses.[79] Similarly, Raisi is also sanctioned by the European Union.[80][better source needed]

References

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Legal offices
Preceded by Chairman of General Inspection Office
1994–2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Vice Chief Justice of Iran
2004–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Special Prosecutor of Clergy
2012–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by Prosecutor-General of Iran
2014–2016 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Justice of Iran
2019–present 		Incumbent
Assembly seats
Preceded by Administrative Clerk of Assembly of Experts's Presidium
2009–2019 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Deputy Chairman of the Assembly of Experts
2019–present 		Incumbent
Media offices
Preceded by Chairman of IRIB Supervisory Council
2012–2016 		Succeeded by
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by Custodian of Astan Quds Razavi
2016–2019 		Succeeded by

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