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Bernard Picart

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For the medieval composer, see Pycard.
Bernard Picart (mezzotint by Nicolaas Verkolje after Jean-Marc Nattier, 1715)

Bernard Picart or Picard (11 June 1673 – 8 May 1733), was a French draughtsman, engraver and book illustrator in Amsterdam with an interest in cultural and religious habits.

Life

Les Plaisirs de la Jeunesse
A Picnic Party
Portrait of Estienne Picart, who died after three days

He was born in rue Saint-Jacques, Paris as son of Etienne Picart, a famous engraver. In 1689 he studied drawing and architecture at the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. His teachers were Charles le Brun. He was also taught by Benoît Audran the Elder, Sébastien Leclerc and Antoine Coypel.[1] In 1696 he spent a winter Antwerp, where he was well received. He stayed in Amsterdam for more than a year and had commissions before returning to France at the end of 1698.[2][3] He took over his father's workshop. After his wife Cloudina Pros, the daughter of a bookseller, and children had died, he settled in the Hague together with Prosper Marchand in January 1710.[4] There Picart, Marchand and Charles Levier belonged to a "radical Huguenot coterie", who studied the works of John Locke, who promoted separating church and state.[5][a] They joined the Walloon church but were influenced by Jean Claude and Pierre Bayle who both fled to the Dutch Republic in earlier years.[6][7][8] Picart accepted a commission to draw prints for the Bible.[9][10] He and Marchand moved to Amsterdam in 1711 (later being joined by his father Étienne Picart (le Romain).

In April 1712 he married Anna Vincent (1684-1736) assisted by her father, who initially disagreed with the marriage. Ysbrand Vincent (1641-1718) was a rich paper seller, who fled from France in 1686.[11] From 1702 on, he was editor of playwrights written by himself or the other members of Nil volentibus arduum[12][13] Levinus Vincent became his brother-in-law, a mennonite who owned a cabinet of curiosities in Haarlem, which is also the place where the couple married. Picart moved in with his father-in-law and designed several book frontispieces. In May 1713 the couple had a male twin who both died within a few weeks; he portrayed both. Picart became a citizen, joined the guild and published a book about his teacher Charles Le Brun.[14][15] His three daughters were baptized in Westerkerk; in between Picart may have had a better understanding of the Dutch language.

In 1711 he collaborated with Cornelis de Bruyn on the frontispiece of Reizen over Moskovie, door Persie en Indie, in 1718 published as Voyages de Corneille le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Occidentales; in 1724 with Philipp von Stosch, a Prussian antiquarian, whose Gemmæ Antiquæ Cælatæ (Pierres antiques graveés), in which Picart's engravings reproduced seventy antique carved hardstones like onyx, jasper and carnelian from European collections, a volume of inestimable value to antiquarians and historians. His most famous work is Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde, appearing from 1723 to 1743 and collaborated with Jean Frédéric Bernard, a successful author and publisher who promoted religious tolerance and gallicanism. Between 1733-1736 Bernard published a book about superstition with engravings by Picart.[citation needed] Because of the many prints it also seems he sympathized with Jansenists, the Armenian Apostolic Church and Collegiants. In 1728 Les Césars de l'empereur Julien, traduits du grec par feu Mr. le Baron de Spanheim, avec des remarques & des preuves, enrichies de plus de 300 médailles, & autres anciens monumens, gravés par Bernard Picart le Romain was published. In 1729 he collaborated with Louis Fabricius Dubourg.

At some time (1718?) Picart started an engraving school, his pupils were Jacob Folkema, Jakob van der Schley, who portrayed him posthumously, Pieter Tanjé and François Morellon la Cave, who all used his drawings for engravings. In 1731 he published a reprint originally by his father (Le Romain).[16][17] Picart was buried in the Walloon Church, Amsterdam on 13 May, 1733.[18] After his death the widow ordered her three daughters to keep his collection of drawings together but sell the prints at an auction and the copperplates in Paris.[19][20] In 1734 she published Impostures innocentes, ou recueil d'estampes d'après divers peintres illustres tels que Raphaël, Le Guide, Carlo Maratta, Le Poussin, Rembrandt, etc., gravées à leur imitation et selon le goût particulier de chacun d'eux, et accompagnées d'un discours sur les préjugés de certains curieux touchant la gravure, par Bernard Picart, dessinateur et graveur, avec son éloge historique et le catalogue de ses ouvrages, Veuve de Bernard Picart, Amsterdam. The inventory (on 12 March, 1736) mentioned around 400 portfolios with copperplates, books, drawings, paper, 54 paintings (not specified), jewellery and bonds.[21] The website of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam has more than 2000 works online by Bernard Picart.[22]

Works

Singel 434, called "de drie Beulingen", rented out to Ysbrand Vincent and Bernard Picart.[b]

Most of his work was book-illustrations, including the Bible and he collaborated with Gilliam van der Gouwen. Their illustrations were used in various publications including the Figures de la Bible published in 1720 and the Taferelen der voornaamste geschiedenissen van het Oude en Nieuwe Testament published in 1728. The latter was a picture bible comprising 214 large engravings of which van der Gouwen had engraved 41.[25] From 1720 Picart collaborated on the Cérémonies with the son of a protestant minister Jean-Frédéric Bernard [fr], with a commitment to religious toleration. Jonathan I. Israel[26] calls Cérémonies "an immense effort to record the religious rituals and beliefs of the world in all their diversity as objectively and authentically as possible".[27]

They put religion in comparative perspective, offering images and analysis of Jews, Catholics, Hindus, Muslims, the peoples of the Orient and the Americas, Protestants, deists, freemasons, and assorted sects. Despite condemnation by the Catholic Church, the work was a resounding success. For the next century it was copied or adapted, but without the context of its original radicalism and its debt to clandestine literature, English deists, and the philosophy of Spinoza.[28]

Although Picart had never left Europe, he relied on accounts by those who had and had access to a collection of Indian sculpture.[2] The original French edition of Cérémonies comprises ten volumes of text and 240 engravings.

"Cérémonies" engravings

Bernard Picart One of six copper plate engravings depicting Florida Indians (of 30 engravings total), Circa 1721,[citation needed] Volume One of "Cérémonies et Coutumes Religieuses de tous les Peuples du Monde" (Private Collection, St. Augustine Beach )
  • Vol. 1: Asie, Afrique and Amérique - 30 engravings (1727)
  • Vol. 2 - 33 engravings (1727)
  • Vol. 3 - 19 engravings (1728)
  • Vol. 4 - 14 engravings (1729)
  • Vol. 5 - 26 engravings (1736)
  • Vol. 6 - 45 engravings (1738)
  • Vol. 7 - 58 engravings
  • Vol. 8 - 5 engravings
  • Vol. 9 - 24 engravings
  • Vol. 10- 12 engravings

The Temple of the Muses

This was an illustrated book of Ovid's Metamorphoses more popular fables published in 1733 in Dutch (Tempel der zanggodinnen, vertoond in LX heerlijke kunststukken, behelzende alle de voornaemste geschiedenissen van de Fabel-Oudheid), in 1738 in English (The Temple of the Muses, or, the principal histories of fabulous antiquity), and in 1742 in French (Le Temple des Muses, orné de LX tableaux où sont représentés les événemens les plus remarquables de l'antiquité fabuleuse), by Zacharias Chatelain. The engravings had captions in French, English, German, and Dutch. The artists involved were Michel de Marolles, Bernard Picart, Jacques Favereau, Abraham van Diepenbeeck, and Cornelis Bloemaert. A facsimile of the Dutch version was published in 1968.

A celebration of the birth of a child (left). The child's first bath (right). 1726

References

  1. ^ https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/picart1734/0032
  2. ^ a b Grove Art, accessed 26 May 2007
  3. ^ Amsterdam, in zyne opkomst, aanwas, geschiedenissen ..., Volumes 20-21 By Jan Wagenaar, p. 113
  4. ^ J. Israel, 2001, pp.575-6
  5. ^ Israel, 2001, p.696.
  6. ^ De Amsterdamse boekhandel 1680-1725. Deel 4. Gegevens over de vervaardigers, hun internationale relaties en de uitgaven N-W, papierhandel, drukkerijen en boekverkopers in het algemeen (1967)–Isabella Henriëtte van Eeghen
  7. ^ http://www.bernardpicart.net/?page_id=19#_ednref32
  8. ^ http://www.bernardpicart.net/?page_id=19
  9. ^ De Amsterdamse boekhandel 1680-1725. Deel 4. Gegevens over de vervaardigers, hun internationale relaties en de uitgaven N-W, papierhandel, drukkerijen en boekverkopers in het algemeen (1967)–Isabella Henriëtte van Eeghen
  10. ^ http://www.bernardpicart.net/?page_id=19#_ednref32
  11. ^ Ysbrand Vincent en zijn Antwerpsche Vrienden by Maurits Sabbe
  12. ^ De Amsterdamse boekhandel 1680-1725. Deel 4. Gegevens over de vervaardigers, hun internationale relaties en de uitgaven N-W, papierhandel, drukkerijen en boekverkopers in het algemeen (1967)–Isabella Henriëtte van Eeghen
  13. ^ http://www.bernardpicart.net/?page_id=19#_ednref32
  14. ^ De Amsterdamse boekhandel 1680-1725. Deel 4. Gegevens over de vervaardigers, hun internationale relaties en de uitgaven N-W, papierhandel, drukkerijen en boekverkopers in het algemeen (1967)–Isabella Henriëtte van Eeghen
  15. ^ http://www.bernardpicart.net/?page_id=19#_ednref32
  16. ^ De Amsterdamse boekhandel 1680-1725. Deel 4. Gegevens over de vervaardigers, hun internationale relaties en de uitgaven N-W, papierhandel, drukkerijen en boekverkopers in het algemeen (1967)–Isabella Henriëtte van Eeghen
  17. ^ http://www.bernardpicart.net/?page_id=19#_ednref32
  18. ^ http://archief.amsterdam/archief/10097/010097006797
  19. ^ De Amsterdamse boekhandel 1680-1725. Deel 4. Gegevens over de vervaardigers, hun internationale relaties en de uitgaven N-W, papierhandel, drukkerijen en boekverkopers in het algemeen (1967)–Isabella Henriëtte van Eeghen
  20. ^ http://www.bernardpicart.net/?page_id=19#_ednref32
  21. ^ https://archief.amsterdam/archief/5075/9118; https://archief.amsterdam/archief/5075/9126
  22. ^ https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/1716128--detlev/verzamelingen/etsen-en-gravures?ii=0&p=0
  23. ^ De Amsterdamse boekhandel 1680-1725. Deel 4. Gegevens over de vervaardigers, hun internationale relaties en de uitgaven N-W, papierhandel, drukkerijen en boekverkopers in het algemeen (1967)–Isabella Henriëtte van Eeghen
  24. ^ Mr. W. F. H. Oldewelt - Kohier van de personeele quotisatie te Amsterdam - 1945
  25. ^ P. van der Coelen, De ontstaansgeschiedenis van de prentenbijbel van Hoet, Houbraken en Picart, in: E. Buijsen e.a. (red.), Kunst op papier in de achttiende eeuw/Art on Paper in the Eighteenth Century. Liber Amicorum aangeboden aan Charles Dumas ter gelegenheid van zijn 65ste verjaardag, Zoetermeer 2014, p. 48-61; p. 51 (in Dutch)
  26. ^ Israel, 2001, p.135.
  27. ^ http://www.1718.ucla.edu/events/interface-religion/
  28. ^ https://www.international.ucla.edu/euro/article/120799

Notes

  1. ^ The bookshop in the Hague was called L'Étoile.
  2. ^ Vincent lived across the Old Lutheran Church but also close to a market for apples.[23] The house was owned by Mr Coenraad van Beuningen (1678-1744) also a Mennonite; he and his sister lived next door.[24]

Bibliography

  • Grafton, Anthony. "A Jewel of a Thousand Facets." New York Review of Books (June 10, 2010) Vol. LVII, number 11. Page 38–40. Online summary
  • Lynn Hunt, Margaret Jacob and Wijnand Mijnhardt. The Book That Changed Europe: Picart and Bernard's "Religious Ceremonies of the World" (Harvard University Press; 383 pages; 2010).
  • Hunt, Lynn and Margaret Jacob and Wijnand Mijnhardt. Bernard Picart and the First Global Vision of Religion. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2010.[1]
  • Wyss-Giacosa, Paola von (2006). Religionsbilder der frühen Aufklärung : Bernard Picarts Tafeln für die Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde. Wabern (Switzerland): Benteli, 2006. OCLC 65207871 See also Margaret Jacob, 'The Radical Enlightenment' (London:George Allen & Unwin, 1981).
  • Israel, Jonathan I. (2001). Radical enlightenment: philosophy and the making of modernity, 1650-1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 44425436
  • Jacob, Margaret, Bernard Picart and the Turn to Modernity, De Achttiende eeuw, vol. 37, 2005, pp. 1–16.
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Bernard Picart and Jean Frederic Bernard's Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the World on UCLA website.

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