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G. A. Henty

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George Alfred Henty
Photo portrait by Elliott & Fry
Photo portrait by Elliott & Fry
Born(1832-12-08)8 December 1832
Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, England
Died16 November 1902(1902-11-16) (aged 69)
Weymouth, Dorset, England
OccupationFiction writer, war correspondent
NationalityEnglish
PeriodLate 19th century
GenreLiterature

George Alfred Henty (8 December 1832 – 16 November 1902) was a prolific English novelist and war correspondent.[1][2] He is best known for his historical adventure stories that were popular in the late 19th century. His works include The Dragon & The Raven (1886), For The Temple (1888), Under Drake's Flag (1883) and In Freedom's Cause (1885).

Biography

G. A. Henty was born in Trumpington, near Cambridge. He was a sickly child who had to spend long periods in bed.[note 1] During his frequent illnesses he became an avid reader and developed a wide range of interests which he carried into adulthood. He attended Westminster School, London, as a half-boarder when he was fourteen,[3]: 2  and later Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,[4] where he was a keen sportsman. He left the university early without completing his degree to volunteer for the Army Hospital Commissariat when the Crimean War began. He was sent to the Crimea and while there he witnessed the appalling conditions under which the British soldier had to fight. His letters home were filled with vivid descriptions of what he saw. His father was impressed by his letters and sent them to The Morning Advertiser newspaper which printed them. This initial writing success was a factor in Henty's later decision to accept the offer to become a special correspondent, the early name for journalists now better known as war correspondents.

Shortly before resigning from the army as a captain in 1859 he married Elizabeth Finucane. The couple had four children. Elizabeth died in 1865 after a long illness and shortly after her death Henty began writing articles for the Standard newspaper. In 1866 the newspaper sent him as their special correspondent to report on the Austro-Italian War where he met Giuseppe Garibaldi. He went on to cover the 1868 British punitive expedition to Abyssinia, the Franco-Prussian War, the Ashanti War, the Carlist Rebellion in Spain and the Turco-Serbian War.[5] He also witnessed the opening of the Suez Canal and travelled to Palestine, Russia and India.

Henty was a strong supporter of the British Empire all his life; according to literary critic Kathryn Castle: "Henty ... exemplified the ethos of the [British Empire], and glorified in its successes".[6] Henty's ideas about politics were influenced by writers such as Sir Charles Dilke and Thomas Carlyle.[5]

Henty once related in an interview how his storytelling skills grew out of tales told after dinner to his children. He wrote his first children's book, Out on the Pampas in 1868, naming the book's main characters after his children. The book was published by Griffith and Farran in November 1870 with a title page date of 1871. While most of the 122 books he wrote were for children, he also wrote adult novels, non-fiction such as The March to Magdala and Those Other Animals, short stories for the likes of The Boy's Own Paper and edited the Union Jack, a weekly boy's magazine.

Henty was the most popular Boy's author of his day.[7] Blackie, who published his children's fiction in the UK, and W. G. Blackie estimated in February 1952 that they were producing about 150,000 Henty books a year at the height of his popularity,[note 2][8] and stated that their records showed they had produced over three and a half million Henty books. He further estimated that considering the US and other overseas authorised and pirated editions, a total of 25 million was not impossible.[7] Arnold notes this estimate and that there have been further editions since that estimate was made.[9]

His children's novels typically revolved around a boy or young man living in troubled times. These ranged from the Punic War to more recent conflicts such as the Napoleonic Wars or the American Civil War. Henty's heroes – which occasionally included young ladies – are uniformly intelligent, courageous, honest and resourceful with plenty of 'pluck' yet are also modest.[10] These virtues have made Henty's novels popular today among many Christians and homeschoolers.[9] One of his plots involved a young man or men being cut off from family and joining the soldiers as a runner or courier. Except that is not just a literary troupe. Benjamin Russell was a thirteen year old student at Boston's Queen Street School in April 1775 when General Percy's column marched from Boston to Cambridge. Communication with Boston was cut off and he could not contact his parents for three months. He served as errand boy and clerk. [11]

Funerary monument, Brompton Cemetery, London

Henty usually researched his novels by ordering several books on the subject he was writing on from libraries, and consulting them before beginning writing.[10] Some of his books were written about events (such as the Crimean War) that he witnessed himself; hence, these books are written with greater detail as Henty drew upon his first-hand experiences of people, places, and events.[10]

On 16 November 1902, Henty died aboard his yacht in Weymouth Harbour, Dorset, leaving unfinished his last novel, By Conduct and Courage, which was completed by his son Captain C.G. Henty.[9]

Henty is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.[12]

Influence

G. A. Henty's commercial popularity encouraged other writers to try writing juvenile adventure stories in his style; "Herbert Strang", Henry Everett McNeil, Percy F. Westerman and Captain Frederick Sadleir Brereton all wrote novels in "the Henty tradition", often incorporating then-contemporary themes such as aviation and First World War combat.[13] By the 1930s, however, interest in Henty's work was declining in Britain, and hence few children's writers there looked to his work as a model.[14]

Bibliography

Cover of the 1902 first edition of To Herat and Cabul, A Story of the First Afghan War by G. A. Henty and illustrations by Charles A. Sheldon, published by Blackie and Son Ltd., London.

Henty wrote 122 works of historical fiction and all first editions had the date printed at the foot of the title page.[15] Several short stories published in book form are included in this total, with the stories taken from previously published full-length novels. The dates given below are those printed at the foot of the title page of the very first editions in the United Kingdom. It is a common misconception that American Henty titles were published before those of the UK. All Henty titles bar one were published in the UK before those of America. The simple explanation for this error of judgement is that Charles Scribner's Sons of New York dated their Henty first editions for the current year. The first UK editions published by Blackie were always dated for the coming year, to have them looking fresh for Christmas. The only Henty title published in book form in America before the UK book was In the Hands of the Cave-Dwellers dated 1900 and published by Harper of New York. This title was published in book form in the UK in 1903, although the story itself had already been published in England prior to the first American edition, in The Boy's Own Annual.

Misattribution

A book published in 1884 in the "Fireside Henty Series" called Forest and Frontier was discovered to be by Thomas M. Newson.[16]

UK and US availability

In the late 1990s, a number of American publishers, such as Polyglot Press (Philadelphia, PA), PrestonSpeed, and the Lost Classics Book Company, began reprinting Henty's books and advocating their usage for conservative homeschoolers.[17] Reprints of all Henty's works are available from modern day British and American publishers. One such publisher and major modern advocate of Henty is the American scientist, homeschool curriculum publisher, and Oregon State Senator Arthur B. Robinson, who promotes the use of Henty's books as a supplement to his self-teaching homeschool curriculum.[18]

Controversial views

Even during his lifetime, Henty's work was contentious; some Victorian writers accused Henty's novels of being aggressively and obstinately nationalist and reactionary in such books as True to the Old Flag (1885) which features a Loyalist protagonist fighting in the American War of Independence,[19] and In the Reign of Terror (1888) and No Surrender! A Tale of the Rising in La Vendée (1900) which are strongly hostile to the French Revolution.[20][10]

Henty's novel With Lee in Virginia has a protagonist who fights on the side of the Confederacy against the Union.[21]

Henty's popularity amongst homeschoolers is not without controversy.[22] Quoting from the chapter of By Sheer Pluck called "The Negro Character" ("like children"), American television host and political commentator Rachel Maddow called Henty's writings "spectacularly racist".[23][24][25] Carpenter and Pritchard note that while "Henty's work is indeed full of racial (and class) stereotypes", he sometimes created sympathetic ethnic minority characters, such as the Indian servant who marries a white woman in With Clive in India, and point out Henty admired the Turkish Empire. Some even accuse Henty of holding blacks in utter contempt, and this is expressed in novels such as By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War and A Roving Commission, or, Through the Black Insurrection at Hayti.[10] Kathryne S. McDorman states Henty disliked blacks and also, in Henty's fiction, that "Boers and Jews were considered equally ignoble".[5] In By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War, Mr. Goodenough, an entomologist remarks to the hero: “They [Negroes] are just like children ... They are always either laughing or quarrelling. They are good-natured and passionate, indolent, but will work hard for a time; clever up to a certain point, densely stupid beyond. The intelligence of an average negro is about equal to that of a European child of ten years old. ... They are fluent talkers, but their ideas are borrowed. They are absolutely without originality, absolutely without inventive power. Living among white men, their imitative faculties enable them to attain a considerable amount of civilization. Left alone to their own devices they retrograde into a state little above their native savagery.”

In the Preface to his novel A Roving Commission (1900) Henty claims "the condition of the negroes in Hayti has fallen to the level of that of the savage African tribes" and argues "unless some strong white power should occupy the island and enforce law and order" this situation will not change.[26] In the novel Facing Death: A Tale of the Coal Mines Henty comes down against strikes and has the working class hero of the novel, Jack Simpson, quell a strike among coal miners.[27]

A review by Deirdre H. McMahon in Studies of the Novel in 2010 refers to his novels as jingoist and racist and states that during the previous decade "Numerous reviews in right-wing and conservative Christian journals and websites applaud Henty’s texts as model readings and thoughtful presents for children, especially boys. These reviews often ignore Henty’s racism by packaging his version of empire as refreshingly heroic and patriotic."[28]

In 1888, on the bookjacket for Captain Bayley's Heir, The Times wrote that Henty's character in With Lee in Virginia, "bravely proving his sympathy with the slaves of brutal masters" and escapes through "the devotion of a black servant and of a runaway slave whom he had assisted". The reviewer recommended the book.[29]

List of titles

Titles Title Page Dates[note 3] Publication Dates[note 4]
A Search for a Secret 1867
The March to Magdala 1868
All But Lost, Volumes I, II and III 1869
Out on the Pampas: The Young Settlers 1870 [note 5]
The Young Franc-Tireurs and Their Adventure in the Franco-Prussian War 1872
The March to Coomassie 1874
The Young Buglers, A Tale of the Peninsular War 1880
The Cornet of Horse: A Tale of Marlborough's Wars 1881
In Times of Peril: A Tale of India 1881
Facing Death, The Hero of the Vaughan Pit – A Tale of the Coal Mines 1882 31 May 1882
Winning His Spurs: A Tale of the Crusades (aka Boy Knight) 1882
Friends Though Divided: A Tale of the Civil War 1883
Jack Archer: A Tale of the Crimea 1883
Under Drake's Flag: A Tale of the Spanish Main 1882 31 August 1882
By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War 1884 28 September 1883
With Clive in India: The Beginnings of an Empire 1884 24 September 1883
In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce 1885 16 July 1884
St. George For England: A Tale of Cressy and Poitiers 1885 27 August 1884
True to the Old Flag: A Tale of the American War of Independence 1885 2 August 1884
The Young Colonists: A Tale of the Zulu and Boer Wars 1885
The Dragon and the Raven, or The Days of King Alfred 1886 2 May 1885
For Name and Fame: To Cabul with Roberts 1886 2 May 1885
The Lion of the North: A Tale of Gustavus Adolphus and the Wars of Religion 1886 19 August 1885
Through the Fray: A Tale of the Luddite Riots 1886 5 September 1885
Yarns on the Beach: A Bundle of Tales 1886 15 September 1885
The Bravest of the Brave, or, With Peterborough in Spain 1887 1 June 1886
A Final Reckoning: A Tale of Bush Life in Australia 1887 8 June 1886
The Sovereign Reader: Scenes from the Life and Reign of Queen Victoria 1887 26 August 1887
The Young Carthaginian, A Story of the Time of Hannibal 1887 8 June 1886
With Wolfe in Canada: The Winning of a Continent 1887 18 May 1886
Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Tale of Fontenoy and Culloden 1888 6 June 1887
For the Temple: A Tale of the Fall of Jerusalem 1888 19 August 1887
Gabriel Allen M.P. 1888
In the Reign of Terror: The Adventures of a Westminster Boy 1888 8 July 1887
Orange and Green: A Tale of the Boyne and Limerick 1888 2 July 1887
Sturdy and Strong: How George Andrews Made His Way 1888 27 July 1887
Captain Bayley's Heir: A Tale of the Gold Fields of California 1889 15 August 1888
The Cat of Bubastes: A Tale of Ancient Egypt 1889 3 September 1888
The Curse of Carne's Hold: A Tale of Adventure, Volumes I and II 1889
The Lion of St. Mark: A Story of Venice in the Fourteenth Century 1889 29 February 1888
The Plague Ship (1889)
Tales of Daring and Danger, Five Short Stories 1890 20 July 1889
By Pike and Dyke: A Tale of the Rise of the Dutch Republic 1890 7 August 1889
One of the 28th: A Tale of Waterloo 1890 8 August 1889
With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War 1890 8 August 1889
The Boy Knight: A Tale of the Crusades
(the American title for Winning His Spurs)		 1891
By England's Aid: The Freeing of the Netherlands, 1585–1604 1891 14 June 1890
By Right of Conquest: With Cortez in Mexico 1891 3 October 1890
Chapter of Adventures: Through the Bombardment of Alexandria aka The Young Midshipman (USA) 1891 14 June 1890
A Hidden Foe, Volumes I and II 1891
Maori and Settler: A Tale of the New Zealand War 1891 15 July 1890
Those Other Animals (1891)
The Dash For Khartoum: A Tale of the Nile Expedition 1892 14 July 1891
Held Fast for England: A Tale of the Siege of Gibraltar (1779–83) 1892 1 August 1891
The Ranche in the Valley (1892)
Redskin and Cowboy: A Tale of the Western Plains 1892 14 July 1891
Beric the Briton: A Story of the Roman Invasion 1893 22 June 1892
Condemned as a Nihilist: A Story of Escape from Siberia 1893 21 June 1892
In Greek Waters: A Story of the Grecian War of Independence (1821–1827) 1893 29 June 1892
Rujub, the Juggler, Volumes I, II and III 1893
Dorothy's Double: The Story of a Great Deception, Volumes I, II and III 1894
A Jacobite Exile: Being the Adventures of a Young Englishman in the Service of Charles XII of Sweden 1894 13 June 1893
Saint Bartholomew's Eve: A Tale of the Huguenot Wars 1894 13 June 1893
Through the Sikh War: A Tale of the Conquest of the Punjab 1894 13 June 1893
In the Heart of the Rockies: A Story of Adventure in Colorado 1895 19 July 1894
When London Burned: A Story of Restoration Times and the Great Fire 1895 4 August 1894
Woman of the Commune: A Tale of Two Sieges of Paris
(aka Cuthbert Hartington, A Girl of the Commune,Two Sieges and Two Sieges of Paris		 1895
Wulf The Saxon: A Story of the Norman Conquest 1895 8 May 1894
A Knight of the White Cross: A Tale of the Siege of Rhodes 1896 13 June 1895
Through Russian Snows: A Story of Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow 1896 14 August 1895
The Tiger of Mysore: A Story of the War with Tippoo Saib 1896 12 September 1895
At Agincourt: A Tale of the White Hoods of Paris 1897 27 June 1896
On the Irrawaddy: A Story of the First Burmese War 1897 13 August 1896
The Queen's Cup, A Novel, Volumes I, II and III 1897
With Cochrane the Dauntless: A Tale of the Exploits of Lord Cochrane 1897 9 June 1896
Colonel Thorndyke's Secret (aka The Brahmin's Treasure (USA)) 1898
A March on London: Being a Story of Wat Tyler's Insurrection 1898 15 June 1897
With Frederick the Great: A Tale of the Seven Years War 1898 26 August 1897
With Moore at Corunna: A Tale of the Peninsular War 1898 22 May 1897
Among Malay Pirates; A Tale of Adventure and Peril (1899)
On the Spanish Main: A Tale of Cuba and the Buccaneers (1899)
At Aboukir and Acre: A Story of Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt 1899 28 July 1898
Both Sides the Border: A Tale of Hotspur and Glendower 1899 28 June 1898
The Golden Cañon and The Stone Chest, or The Secret of Cedar Island,
(The Stone Chest is a filler title, not by Henty) (2-in-1 book)		 1899
The Lost Heir 1899
Under Wellington's Command: A Tale of the Peninsular War 1899 2 June 1898
In the Hands of the Cave Dwellers 1900 18 July 1902
No Surrender! A Tale of the Rising in La Vendée 1900 24 August 1899
A Roving Commission, or, Through the Black Insurrection at Hayti 1900 11 July 1899
Won by the Sword: A Story of the Thirty Years War 1900 1 June 1899
In the Irish Brigade: A Tale of War in Flanders and Spain 1901 23 May 1900
John Hawke's Fortune: A Story of Monmouth's Rebellion 1901
Out With Garibaldi: A Story of the Liberation of Italy 1901 15 August 1900
Queen Victoria: Scenes from her Life and Reign 1901
With Buller in Natal: A Born Leader 1901 13 July 1900
At the Point of the Bayonet: A Tale of the Mahratta War 1902 6 April 1901
A Soldier's Daughter 1902
To Herat and Cabul, A Story of the First Afghan War 1902 28 June 1901
With Roberts to Pretoria: A Tale of the South African War 1902 15 August 1901
The Treasure of the Incas: A Tale of Adventure in Peru 1903 23 June 1902
With Kitchener in the Soudan, A Story of Atbara and Omdurman 1903 17 May 1902
With the British Legion: A Story of the Carlist Wars 1903 2 August 1902
Through Three Campaigns: A Story of Chitral, Tirah, and Ashantee 1904 6 May 1903
With the Allies to Pekin: A Story of the Relief of the Legations 1904 29 May 1903
Gallant Deeds, Five Short Stories 1905
By Conduct and Courage: A Story of Nelson's Days 1905 15 July 1904
In the Hands of the Malays 1905
Among the Bushrangers from A Final Reckoning 1906
Indian Raid, An from Redskin and Cowboy 1906
Cast Ashore from With Clive in India 1906
Charlie Marryat from With Clive in India 1906
Cornet Walter from Orange and Green 1906
A Highland Chief from In Freedom's Cause 1906
The Two Prisoners from A Soldier's Daughter 1906
The Young Captain from With Clive in India 1906

Adaptation

There is one known instance of a book title by Henty having been filmed, along with nine audio theater productions by Heirloom Audio[31] in their series "The Extraordinary Adventures of G. A. Henty": Under Drake's Flag,[32] With Lee in Virginia.,[33] In the Reign of Terror, The Cat of Bubastes, Beric the Briton, The Dragon and the Raven, Wulf the Saxon, Captain Bayley's Heir and In Freedom's Cause.[34] Heirloom Audio's productions have featured several well-known actors, including Golden Globe winner Joanne Froggatt of Downton Abbey and Billy Boyd of The Lord of the Rings.[35] Heirloom Audio was founded by Illinois businessman Bill Heid, who said of Henty, "He took you to places that had great historical significance. It's historical fiction, yet there's very little fiction." Heid said of the characters portrayed in Henty's books and Heirloom Audio's productions, "Who's a real hero? Jay Cutler or Aaron Rodgers, or Francis Drake? Who had the guts, the belief in God's sovereignty? I want to tell the stories that young people think, 'I could imagine doing something like that.' I want them to dream big. There was a time in our country we really had big dreams, thought we could do big things. For some reason, we don't talk like that, take risks like that."[35] Heid added that too often in schools, "history becomes kind of a data dump, dead guys and dates." But with Henty, "History is anything but boring. It's amazing. William Wallace was a real person, had real struggles of his own. He had hopes and dreams and ambitions, struggles like anyone else, doubts and flaws."[35]

Film

A Final Reckoning (1929), American, B&W: Serial/24 reels

Directed by Ray Taylor.
Cast: Frank Clark [Jim Whitney], Newton House, Louise Lorraine, Jay Wilsey, Edmund Cobb.
Universal Pictures Corporation production; distributed by Universal Pictures Corporation.
Scenario by Basil Dickey and George Morgan, from a novel by George Alfred Henty.
Cinematography by Frank Redman.

Twelve episodes (two reels each): [1] "A Treacherous Friend," released 15 April 1929. / Standard 35mm spherical 1.37:1 format. / [?] Website-IMDb lists the release date of the first episode as 15 April 1928.

Audio Theatre Productions

  • Under Drake's Flag[36] (2013), Heirloom Audio Productions
  • In Freedom's Cause[37] (2014), Heirloom Audio Productions
  • With Lee in Virginia,[38] Heirloom Audio Productions
  • In the Reign of Terror,[39] Heirloom Audio Productions
  • The Cat of Bubastes,[40] Heirloom Audio Productions
  • Beric the Briton,[41] Heirloom Audio Productions
  • The Dragon and the Raven,[42] Heirloom Audio Productions
  • Captain Bayley's Heir,[34] Heirloom Audio Productions
  • Wulf the Saxon,[34] Heirloom Audio Productions

Notes

  1. ^ Fenn notes that Henty himself wrote "I spent my boyhood, to the best of my recollection, in bed.[3]: 2 
  2. ^ It should be remembered that at the time, a popular adult novel might sell as many as 5,000 copies.
  3. ^ Almost all Blackie 1st Editions of Henty were published in the year prior to their title page date. This was a common marketing tactic at the time as books remained "fresh" for longer.[30]: 661  See Appendix VII of Newbolt.[30]: 659-660 
  4. ^ Except where indicated the publication dates are drawn from Newbolt's list of Publication Dates for Blackie Editions.[30]: 659-660 
  5. ^ This was Henty's first book for children. The four main characters are named after his own children. It was published in 1870 even though the title page says 1871.[30]: 5  This was a common marketing tactic at the time.

References

  1. ^ "Henty, George Alfred". Who's Who 1901: An Annual Biographical Dictionary. London: Adam & Charles Black. 1901. p. 556.
  2. ^ Buckingham, James Silk; Sterling, John; Maurice, Frederick Denison; Stebbing, Henry; Dilke, Charles Wentworth; Hervey, Thomas Kibble; Dixon, William Hepworth; MacColl, Norman; Rendall, Vernon Horace; Murry, John Middleton (21 December 1907). "George Alfred Henty". Literature. Athenæum (4182): 792–93.
  3. ^ a b Fenn, George Manville (1907). George Alfred Henty: the story of an active life. London: Blackie and Son. Retrieved 25 May 2020 – via The Internet Archive.
  4. ^ "Henty, George Alfred (HNTY851GA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  5. ^ a b c Kathryne S. McDorman,"Henty, George Alfred" in Historical Dictionary of the British empire edited by James S. Olson and Robert Shadle. Greenwood Press, 1996 ISBN 0-313-27917-9 (pp. 152–54, Volume 1).
  6. ^ Kathryn Castle. Britannia’s children : Reading Colonialism through children’s books and magazines. Manchester University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-7190-2853-1 (p. 55).
  7. ^ a b Daart, Robert L. (1971). "Quotation from W. G. Blackie in February 1952". G. A. Henty: A Bibliography. Cedar Grove, NJ: Dar-Web inc. pp. v.
  8. ^ Feather, John (2006). "The Age of the Novel". A History of Brith Publishing (Second ed.). London: Routledge.
  9. ^ a b c Arnold, Guy (1980). "Preface". Held Fast for England: G. A. Henty, Imperialist Boys Writer. London: Hamish Hamilton.
  10. ^ a b c d e Humphrey Carpenter and Mari Prichard,The Oxford Companion to children's literature Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-860228-6 (pp. 244-47).
  11. ^ Philbrick, Nathaniel (2013). Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution. pp. 163-246–247-331.
  12. ^ Brompton Cemetery Website.
  13. ^ Carpenter and Prichard,The Oxford Companion to children's literature, (p. 7).
  14. ^ Thwaite, Mary Florence (1963). From Primer to Pleasure: An introduction to the history of children's books in England. Library Association. p. 181.
  15. ^ Newbolt, Peter (1996). G.A. Henty 1832–1902: A Bibliographical Study. Scolar Press. ISBN 978-1-85928-208-3.
  16. ^ "Minnesota Stories in The "Fireside Henty Series "". Minnesota History. 14: 86–87. 1933.
  17. ^ "Henty's Heroes", The Economist, 9 December 1999. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  18. ^ Administrator. "Adventure, Character, History, and Vocabulary - Robinson Books - GA Henty Collection - Adventure Books for Boys". henty.com.
  19. ^ Dennis Butts, "Exploiting a Formula: The Adventure Stories of G.A. Henty (1832-1902)" in Popular Children's Literature in Britain. Edited by Julia Briggs, Dennis Butts, and Matthew Orville Grenby. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008. ISBN 978-1-84014-242-6 (pp. 149–64).
  20. ^ Butts, 2008.
  21. ^ "The English Novelists and the American Civil War", Charles E. Shain, American Quarterly. Vol. 14, No. 3 (Autumn, 1962), (p. 420).
  22. ^ Krepel, Terry (28 October 2010). "The Question to Ask About Art Robinson's Love of Racist Novels". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  23. ^ The Rachel Maddow Show, 11 October 2010, Guests: Mark McKinnon, Gov. Ed Rendell, Nola Foulston.
  24. ^ "'The Rachel Maddow Show' for Friday, Oct. 8th, 2010". MSNBC. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  25. ^ Quotes at By Sheer Pluck (1884) Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 118, via forgotten books.com (2013, London). Retrieved 2015-03-11.
  26. ^ Chris Bongie, Friends and enemies: the scribal politics of post/colonial literature Liverpool University Press, 2008, ISBN 1-84631-142-X (p. 140 ).
  27. ^ Guy Arnold, Held Fast for England: G.A Henty, Imperialist Boys' Writer. Hamish Hamilton, 1980, ISBN 0-241-10373-8 (p. 21)
  28. ^ McMahon, Deirdre H. (Spring–Summer 2010). ""Quick, Ethel, Your Rifle!": Portable Britishness and Flexible Gender Roles in G.A. Henty's Books for Boys". Studies of the Novel. 42 (1 & 2). Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  29. ^ Henty, GA (1889). Captain Bayley's Heir: A Tale of the Gold Fields of California. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ a b c d Newbolt, Peter (1996). G.A. Henty, 1832-1902 : a bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books. Brookfield, Vt.: Scholar Press. ISBN 1-85928-208-3. Retrieved 4 August 2020 – via The Internet Archive.
  31. ^ "Audio Adventures - Heirloom Audio Productions". Heirloomaudio.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  32. ^ "Children Today Need Real Heroes - Off The Grid News". Offthegridnews.com. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  33. ^ "The Real Story of Scottish Independence - Off The Grid News". Offthegridnews.com. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  34. ^ a b c "Heirloom Audio Productions". www.heirloomaudio.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  35. ^ a b c jturner@qconline.com, Jonathan Turner. "Thomson man brings history to colorful life". Dispatch-Argus-QCOnline. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  36. ^ "Under Drake's Flag". underdrakesflag.com.
  37. ^ "In Freedom's Cause - InFreedomsCause.com". infreedomscause.com.
  38. ^ "With Lee in Virginia". withleeinvirginia.com.
  39. ^ "In the Reign of Terror". inthereignofterror.com.
  40. ^ "The Cat of Bubastes". thecatofbubastes.com.
  41. ^ "Beric the Briton". bericthebriton.com.
  42. ^ "The Dragon and the Raven". thedragonandtheraven.com.
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