Capreolinae

Capreolinae; Temporal range: Middle Miocene to present
	Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Cervidae
Subfamily:	Capreolinae; Brookes, 1828
Genera
	†Agalmaceros; Alces; †Antifer; Blastocerus; †Bretzia; Capreolus; †Cervalces; Hippocamelus; †Libralces; Mazama; †Morenelaphus; †Navahoceros; Odocoileus; Ozotoceros; Pudu; Rangifer; †Torontoceros;
Synonyms
	Odocoileinae;

The Capreolinae, Odocoileinae, or the New World deer are a subfamily of deer. Alternatively, they are known as the telemetacarpal deer, due to their bone structure being different from the plesiometacarpal deer subfamily Cervinae. The telemetacarpal deer maintain their distal lateral metacarpals, while the plesiometacarpal deer maintain only their proximal lateral metacarpals.^[1] The Capreolinae are believed to have originated in the Middle Miocene, between 7.7 and 11.5 million years ago, in central Asia.^[2]

Although this subfamily is called New World deer in English, it includes reindeer, moose, and roe deer, all of which live in Eurasia in the Old World.

Classification

The following genera and species are recognized:^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Tribe Alceini
- Genus Alces
  - Moose or Eurasian elk (A. alces)
Tribe Capreolini
- Genus Capreolus
  - Western roe deer (C. capreolus)
  - Eastern roe deer (C. pygargus)
Tribe Rangiferini (reindeer and New World deer)
- Genus Rangifer
  - Caribou/reindeer (R. tarandus)
- Genus †Torontoceros
  - †Torontoceros hypnogeos
- Genus †Agalmaceros
  - †Agalmaceros blicki
- Genus Hippocamelus
  - Taruca (H. antisensis)
  - South Andean deer or huemul (H. bisulcus)
- Genus Mazama
  - Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira)
  - Northern Venezuelan brocket (M. cita, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. gouazoubira)
  - Ecuador brocket (M. murelia, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. gouazoubira)
  - Isla San Jose brocket (M. permira, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. gouazoubira)
  - Colombian brocket (M. sanctaemartae, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. gouazoubira)
  - Brazilian brocket (M. superciliaris, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. gouazoubira)
  - Peruvian brocket (M. tschudii, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. gouazoubira)
  - Rodon (M. rondoni, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. gouazoubira)
  - Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga)
  - Central American red brocket (M. temama)
  - Yucatan brown brocket (M. pandora)
  - Small red brocket or bororo (M. bororo)
  - Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi)
  - Pygmy brocket (M. nana)
  - Merida brocket (M. bricenii)
  - Little red brocket (M. rufina)
  - American red brocket (M. americana) (This species has found to be closer to Odocoileus than other brockets.)^[6]
  - Ecuador red brocket (Mazama gualea, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. americana)
  - Brazilian red brocket (M. jucunda, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. americana)
  - Trinidad red brocket (M. trinitatis, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. americana)
  - Southern red brocket (Mazama whitelyi, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. americana)
  - Peruvian red brocket (Mazama zamora, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. americana)
  - Colombian red brocket (Mazama zetta, considered by some authorities to be a subspecies of M. americana)
- Genus Blastocerus
  - Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)
- Genus Ozotoceros
  - Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)
- Genus Pudu
  - Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)
  - Southern pudu (P. pudu)
- Genus Odocoileus
  - White-tailed deer (O. virginianus)
  - Mule deer (O. hemionus)

References

^ Azanza, B.; Rossner, G. & Ortiz-Jaureguizar E. (2013). "The early Turolian (late Miocene) Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the fossil site of Dron-Durkheim 1 (German) and implications on the origin of crown cervids". Paleobiodiversity and Paleoenvironments. 93 (1): 217–258. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0118-8. S2CID 129071065.
^ Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin A. (July 2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1016/J.Ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; et al. (February 2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation". Animal Conservation. 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1017/S1367943001001019.
^ Pitraa, C.; Fickel, J.; et al. (December 2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013.
^ Alvarez D. (2007)^{[full citation needed]}
^ ^a ^b Duarte, J.M.B.; González, S.; Maldonado, J.E. (October 2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-01-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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[1] Azanza, B.; Rossner, G. & Ortiz-Jaureguizar E. (2013). "The early Turolian (late Miocene) Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the fossil site of Dron-Durkheim 1 (German) and implications on the origin of crown cervids". Paleobiodiversity and Paleoenvironments. 93 (1): 217–258. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0118-8. S2CID 129071065.

[2] Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin A. (July 2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1016/J.Ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[Randi2001-3] Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; et al. (February 2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation". Animal Conservation. 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1017/S1367943001001019.

[Pitraa2004-4] Pitraa, C.; Fickel, J.; et al. (December 2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013.

[Alvarez2007-5] Alvarez D. (2007)^{[full citation needed]}

[Duarte2008-6] Duarte, J.M.B.; González, S.; Maldonado, J.E. (October 2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009.

[7] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-01-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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