Ashoka Chakra
The Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the Dharma Chakra; a wheel represented with 24 spokes in Dharmic religions (mainly Budhism and Hinduism). It is so called because it appears on a number of edicts of Ashoka, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Ashoka.[1] The most visible use of the Ashoka Chakra today is at the centre of the Flag of India (adopted on 24 July 1947), where it is rendered in a navy blue colour on a white background, replacing the symbol of charkha (spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag.
India's highest peacetime military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield is also called Ashoka Chakra.
Symbolic history
When Gautama Buddha achieved enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, he came to Sarnath. There, he found his five disciples Assaji, Mahānāman, Kondañña, Bhaddiya and Vappa, who had earlier abandoned him. He introduced his first teachings to them, thereby establishing the dharmachakra. This is the motive taken up by Ashoka and portrayed on top of his pillars.
The 24 spokes represent the twelve causal links taught by the Buddha , Upanishads and paṭiccasamuppāda (Dependent Origination, Conditional Arising) in forward and then reverse order.[2] The first 12 spokes represent 12 stages of suffering. Next 12 spokes represent no cause no effect. So, due to awareness of mind, formation of mental conditioning stops. This process stops the process of birth and death i.e. nibbāna. It also depicts the “wheel of time” . The twelve causal links, paired with their corresponding symbols, are:
- Avidyā ignorance
- Asanskāra conditioning of mind unknowingly
- Avijñāna not being conscious
- Nāmarūpa name and form (constituent elements of mental and physical existence)
- Ṣalāyatana six senses (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind)
- Sparśa contact
- Vedanā sensation
- Taṇhā thirst
- Upādāna grasping[3]
- Bhava coming to be
- jati birth
- Jarāmaraṇa old age[4] and death[5] – corpse being carried.
These 12 in forward and reverse represent a total 24 spokes representing the dharma.
The 24 spokes can also refer to the 24 Tattvas of Creation in Samkhya Darshana(Philosophy) with Purusha (individual soul) who is an eternal reality at its center.
Inclusion in the National Flag of India
Ashoka Chakra was included in the middle of the national flag of India. The circular Ashoka Chakra illustrates the progressiveness of the country.[6][1]
See also
Notes
- ^ "The 'Lion Capital': a Buddhist symbol that became India's National Emblem". The Heritage Lab. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ Maha Nayaka Thera, http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_10.html, The correct use of the 'Dharmachakra'
- ^ See, for example, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 149; and, Gombrich (2005).
- ^ See Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 279, entry for "Jarā," retrieved 19 November 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1721.pali[permanent dead link] . More than simply "old age," the PED provides the additional meanings of "decay, decrepitude"; and, these additional translations are reflected in the Buddha's reputed words in the Jarā Sutta (below). However, for the sake of semantic conciseness, the compound term jarā-maraṇa is here represented as "old age and death."
- ^ See Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 524, entry for "Maraṇa," retrieved 19 November 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3896.pali[permanent dead link] . The PED further contextualizes maraṇa with "death, as ending this (visible) existence, physical death...." That is, in Buddhism, maraṇa does not refer to death of the conscious process or the end of the associated suffering.
- ^ "What is the meaning of 24 spokes of Ashok Chakra?". Jagranjosh.com. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.