White-rumped tanager
| White-rumped tanager | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thraupidae |
| Genus: | Cypsnagra Lesson, R, 1831 |
| Species: | C. hirundinacea
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| Binomial name | |
| Cypsnagra hirundinacea (Lesson, R, 1831)
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The white-rumped tanager (Cypsnagra hirundinacea) is a South American bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is the only member of the genus Cypsnagra.
The length is 16 cm with a weight of 25-34 g. They occur mostly in Brazil, also in Paraguay, Bolivia and Suriname at an elevation of 700–1000 m. They inhabit grasslands with few trees. In Brazil they are found in territorial groups of three to six individuals. They eat insects on the ground in the grass or catch them in flight (sallying). Their diet mostly consists of beetles, crickets and grasshoppers but they occasionally eat fruit. The cup shaped nests are placed only 1–2 metres off the ground and are made of woven grasses. The clutch is 3-4 blue eggs which are speckled around the large end with brown or black spots. Helpers born the previous season help mating pair tend the nest and nestlings.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy is a little complicated. The white-rumped tanager was formally described in 1823 by German naturalist Hinrich Lichtenstein under the binomial name Tanagra ruficollis.[2] Unfortunately, this combination had been used in 1789 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin for what is now a subspecies of the Greater Antillean bullfinch with the trinomial Melopyrrha violacea ruficollis.[3][4][5] In 1831 the French naturalist René Lesson described the white-rumped tanager and introduced the name Cypsnagra (as a subgenus) and the binomial name Tanagra hirundinacea.[6] The type location is Franca in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.[4] The genus name Cypsnagra is a mixture of the Ancient Greek kupselos meaning "swallow" and the genus name Tanagra. The specific epithet is from Modern Latin hirundinaceus meaning "swallow-like".[7]
Two subspecies are recognised:[5]
- C. h. pallidigula Hellmayr, 1907 – Suriname, French Guiana, northeast Bolivia to east central Brazil
- C. h. hirundinacea (Lesson, R, 1831) – east Bolivia, Paraguay and south Brazil
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Cypsnagra hirundinacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Lichtenstein, Hinrich (1823). Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin : nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen (in German). Berlin: T. Trautwein. p. 30.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. Volume 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. pp. 894–895.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. Volume 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 249–250.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ^ Lesson, René (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 460.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 129, 193. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.