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Battle of Doiran (1918)

Coordinates: 41°13′N 22°45′E / 41.217°N 22.750°E / 41.217; 22.750
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Battle of Doiran
Part of Vardar Offensive (World War I)

1914–1918 British Military Cemetery in Polykastro (formerly Karasouli) near Lake Doirani
Date18–19 September 1918
Location
Dojran Lake, Kingdom of Serbia (present-day Greece and North Macedonia)
Result Bulgarian victory
Belligerents
Entente Powers
 United Kingdom
Greece Greece
 France		 Central Powers
 Bulgaria
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Henry Wilson
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland George Milne		 Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) Vladimir Vazov
Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) Stefan Nerezov
Strength
United Kingdom:
22nd Division
45,672
Greece:
Serres Division
Crete Division
29,328
Total:
75,000		 9th (Pleven) Infantry Division
(elements of 11th Infantry Division, 1st Macedonian Brigade and the Mountain Division)
Total:
35,000[1]
Casualties and losses
United Kingdom:
3,155-3,871[1][2][3]
Greece:
3,404-3,948
(official numbers)[1][2]
Total:
6,559-7,819		 2,726[4]

The Third Battle of Doiran was fought from 18–19 September 1918, with the Greeks and the British assaulting the positions of the Bulgarian First Army near Dojran Lake. The battle was part of World War I and took place in the Balkan Theatre. The battle ended with the Bulgarians repulsing all attacks.

Prelude

The Greeks and the British set off from their base at Thessaloniki at the same time as the Serbs and the French. The Greeks and the British, under the command of George Milne set off the attack on the Bulgarian positions at Dojran while the Serbs and the French under the command of Franchet d'Esperey went to penetrate the Bulgarian defences in the Vardar Valley. The Greeks and the British were aiming to capture the Bulgarian positions in the hills above Dojran Lake.

This was not the first time the Allies had attacked Dojran - in 1916, an Anglo-French attempt was repulsed by the Second Thracian Infantry Division; the British had twice failed to capture it in 1917. The fortifications were well built (by Bulgarian engineers), the Bulgarians having spent the first months of 1916 and early 1917 strengthening the positions. The terrain around the area was rough, the fortifications being surrounded with three miles of scrub and rocks. Part of the defences were the dangerous Pip Ridge and the Grand Couronné.

Battle

On the left flank, the British XII Corps with the 22nd and 26th divisions, reinforced by the Greek Serres Division was to attack the difficult Pip Ridge.[5] The British concentrated 231 pieces of artillery, including heavy 8-inch howitzers. The bombardment took place over two days, included gas shells and concluded with a rolling barrage, behind which the infantry was to advance. The British spent the time before the battle practising for the assault. Facing them was the Bulgarian 9th Pleven Division with 122 guns, in very well prepared defences, commanded by General Vladimir Vazov.

On September 18, the British XII Corps attacked with the 66th and 67th Brigades of the 22nd Division and the Greek Serres Division. The Bulgarian first line of trenches was overrun and the Serres Division penetrated to the second line. The Bulgarians responded with heavy artillery fire and counter-attacks that recaptured the ground lost. Meanwhile, the British 66th Brigade's 7th Battalion, South Wales Borderers lost heavily and failed in its attacks. Attacks by the 11th Welsh Regiment and 9th Border Regiment did not go well either. The British 67th Brigade's 12th Cheshire Regiment followed by the 9th South Lancashire Regiment and 8th Kings Shropshire Light Infantry (KSLI) advanced into Bulgarian artillery and machine-gun fire. the 67th Brigade lost 65% of its soldiers.[6] At the end of the day the XII Corps was back at its starting point. On September 19, the XII Corps attacked again but because the XVI Corps attacks north of the lake had failed, the XII Corps would attack alone. The Greek Serres Division repeated the previous day's performance, taking some Bulgarian trenches, before being thrown back by heavy artillery, machine-gun fire and counter-attacks. The British attacked with the 77th Brigade, the weakened 65th Brigade, and later the French 2/2nd Zouaves regiment.[7] The 66th Brigades and 67th Brigades were fit only for defensive duties and did not participate. The 77th Brigade took some Bulgarian trenches but it was in an exposed position, being bombarded by artillery and eventually retreated before the Bulgarians counter-attacked. The brigade suffered about 50% casualties.[8] The 65th Brigade's attack failed also, as did the French Zouaves.[9]

Meanwhile, also on September 18, the British XVI Corps attacked with the Greek Cretan Division and the British 84th Brigade in support. They faced the Bulgarian 1st Macedonian Brigade with 24 guns and 64 machine-guns.[10] The Greek division attacked with two of its regiments up front and a third in reserve, supported on its flank by the 84th. Firing in support were six batteries of British artillery. The British 85th Brigade in reserve. At 05:00 the Greeks attacked, clearing out the Bulgarian outpost line. They then had to move across a long plain to attack the Bulgarian positions on a series of hills that overlooked the plain. The Greeks recklessly attacked across the plain, and penetrated the Bulgarian lines but were thrown back with heavy artillery, rifle, and machine-gun fire.[11] The British artillery deployed behind them to provide fire support. The Greeks rallied and made several more attacks on the Bulgarian lines with the same result as the first time. By the evening the Greeks withdrew, followed a few hours later by the British artillery. The XVI Corps did not attack on 19 September due to casualties. The attack failed due to the lack of artillery support, problems with inter-unit communication and the reckless first attack by the Greeks.[12]

Casualties

The Allies' losses totalled between 6,559 and 7,819 British and Greek soldiers, against 2,726 for the Bulgarians.[1] Most of the British and Greek losses were to the XII Corps and Serres Division, with less than 1,000 coming from the XVI Corps and Cretan Division.[12]

Retreat

Several days after the battle, the British realized the Bulgarian fortifications were quiet. The Greek and British forces advanced only to find the Bulgarian positions abandoned. The Serbs, French, and Greek forces had defeated part of the Bulgarian army during the Battle of Dobro Pole in the Vardar valley and were advancing towards Doiran. This prompted the command of Army Group Scholtz to order the Bulgarian First Army to retreat so that it would not be cut off from the rear. The British were weary and pursued slowly, and Bulgarian rear guards fought well enough to allow the rest of their troops to get away. The British Royal Air Force did attack the retreating Bulgarian columns, inflicting some casualties.[13]

Aftermath

Monument to the British 22nd Division in Star Dojran, North Macedonia.

The Allies continued to advance into Bulgarian-held territory and some[who?] said the Bulgarian army had mutinied and were threatening Sofia. On September 30, the Bulgarians surrendered to the allies in Thessaloniki in order to avoid occupation.

The British paid great honour to General Vladimir Vazov when in 1936 he arrived in Victoria Station in London, by lowering the flags of all their regiments who participated in the battle. The chairman of the British legion Major Goldy said in his speech: "He is one of the few foreign officers whose name features in our history".

Notes

^ a: According to the official Greek history the strength of the Greek divisions was 416 officers, 13,519 soldiers and 3,511 animals for the Serres Division and 423 officers, 14,970 soldiers and 3,840 animals for the Crete Division. Both divisions had 16 artillery guns and 74 machine-guns each, while the Serres Division had 177 light machine-guns and the Crete Division 233.[14]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915–1918, 217
  2. ^ a b c Διεύθυνση Ιστορίας Στρατού, Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός κατά τον Πρώτον Παγκόσμιον Πόλεμον, Τόμος Δεύτερος, Η Συμμετοχή της Ελλάδος εις τον Πόλεμον 1918, Αθήναι 1961, appendixes 13 and 14, page 222
  3. ^ Salonika and Macedonia 1916-1918
  4. ^ a b Недев pp.227
  5. ^ Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915–1918, 199
  6. ^ Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915-1918, 206
  7. ^ "Historique du 2e Régiment Bis de Marche de Zouaves". Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  8. ^ Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915-1918, 214
  9. ^ Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915-1918, 216
  10. ^ Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915-1918, 201
  11. ^ Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915-1918, 210
  12. ^ a b Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915–1918, 211
  13. ^ Wakefield and Moody, Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915–1918, 221
  14. ^ Διεύθυνση Ιστορίας Στρατού, Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός κατά τον Πρώτον Παγκόσμιον Πόλεμον, Τόμος Δεύτερος, Η Συμμετοχή της Ελλάδος εις τον Πόλεμον 1918, Αθήναι 1961, appendix 17, page 225

References

  • AJP Taylor. History of World War I. ISBN 0-7064-0398-3
  • Falls, C. (1933). Military Operations Macedonia: From the Outbreak of War to the Spring of 1917. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (IWM and Battery Press 1996 ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-242-X.
  • Falls, C. (1935). Military Operations Macedonia, From the Spring of 1917 to the End of the War. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (IWM and Battery Press 1996 ed.). Nashville, TN: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-243-8.
  • Атанас Пейчев, 1300 години на стража, Военно издателство София 1981
  • Wakefield, A.; Moody, Simon. Under the Devil's Eye; Britain's Forgotten Army in Salonika, 1915–1918. ISBN 0-7509-3537-5.
  • Недев, Никола (1923). Дойранската епопея 1915–1918. Печатница на Армейския Военно - Издателски Фонд; София. ISBN 978-954-8247-05-4.
  • Пейковска, П., Печатът за участието на 34-и Пехотен Троянски полк в боевете при Дойран [The Press on the Participation of 34th Troyan Infantry Regiment in the Battle of Doiran]. - В: Културно-историческо наследство на Троянския край. Vol. 7, Троян, 1994, pp. 119–129. http://ivanpeykovski.blogspot.com/2013/01/34.html

41°13′N 22°45′E / 41.217°N 22.750°E / 41.217; 22.750

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