Arora
| Arora | |
|---|---|
| Religions | Hinduism • Sikhism |
| Languages | Punjabi, Sindhi |
| Region | Primarily the Punjab region of India and Pakistan |
| Related groups | Khatri • Bhatia • Sood |
The Arora is a community originating from the Punjab and Sindh region of India and Pakistan. The name is derived from their native place Aror (capital of Sauvira Kingdom) and the community comprises both Hindus and Sikhs.[1]
During the British Raj, shopkeeping and businesses such as money-lending were the traditional occupations of the Aroras.[2][3]
Historically, the Arora section of the Khatri community had been principally found in West Punjab , in the districts to the south and west of Lahore. Scott Cameron Levi, believes that they are a "sub-caste of the Khatris".[4] It is believed that Khatris are Kshatris of Lahore, whereas Aroras are Kshatris of Aror.[5] After Partition of India, Punjabis who migrated from erstwhile Punjab were mostly Khatris and Aroras. Studies reveal that "Arora Khatri, Bedi, Ahluwalia etc. are some of the important castes among the Punjabis".[6]
According to W.H McLeod and Louis Fenech, Aroras originally came from the Potohar region which consists of Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Attock, Chakwal and Islamabad provinces.[7]
Occupation and demographics
According to the Commission Reports by Justice Gurnam Singh (1990) and Justice K.C. Gupta (2012), Arora is a forward caste socially, educationally and economically. It was reported that "despite of being uprooted from their homeland", Arora community has high literacy rate. An economic survey conducted by Maharishi Dayanand University states that Arora/Khatri people have good representation both in government as well as private sector. They are both in business, services and other fields. They are "economically well-off and not dependent on money-lending or shopkeeping". They are engaged as "doctors, engineers, administrators and are represented in white-collar jobs". The Arora were divided in two main sub groups, namely Hindu Arora and Sikh Arora depending upon the religion pursued.[8]
Pettigrew notes that in the 19th century, the Aroras were working as shopkeepers and small traders within the Sikh community in Punjab.[9]
The Amritsar Gazetteer says:
"Amritsar Gazetteer"- "Aroras trace their orogin from the Khatris. It is said that Khatris are Khatris of Lahore and Multan, whereas Aroras are Khatris of Aror, modern Rori and Sukkar (Sind) in Pakistan. There is a street in Amritsar named as ‘Arorianwali Gali’. The Aroras seem to have settled in Amritsar during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh or even earlier. It is presumed that they migrated to Amritsar from Lahore to which place they might have originally migrated from Sind or Multan.[10]
The Hoshiarpur Gazetteer says:
Before independence, the Aroras did not constitute a sizeable population in the district. With the migration of the non-Muslim population from Pakistan to India in 1947, they settled here, though in small numbers. The Aroras were generally settled in West Punjab (Pakistan) and in the Firozepur District. Their representation in the eastern districts of the Punjab was not notable. Whatever be their origin, the fact is that they resemble Khatris in certain traits. They are also divided into many groups and castes, Uchanda, Nichanda, etc., but in social life, these groups are of no importance. They intermarry in their groups like others. They also intermarry among Khatris. In the All-India meeting in 1936, held by the Khatris at Lahore (Pakistan), it was decided that the Aroras, Soods and Bhatias were Khatri for all intents and purposes. And, as such, they should be admitted to the Khatri stock. This interpretation did not find much favour then, but with the lapse of time, it has almost been accepted.[11]
Uttaradhi (north), Dakhanadhi (south) and Dahre (west) are three major sub-groups of the Arora people based on territorial differentiations.[12] Before the independence of India, Arora used to marry in their own sub-group i.e. Uttradhi, Dakkhna or Dahra but after the independence, spheres of permissible arranged matrimonial alliances were widened to include other sub-groups of Arora.[13]
British ethnographer Denzil Ibbetson observed that Arora-Khatris were centered in Multan and Derajat (region consisting of Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan) which are now part of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions of modern-day Pakistan. They conducted business throughout Afghanistan and Central Asia.[14]
In the census of 1951, Aroras that were settled in Punjab returned their caste names as Khatris, Arora Khatris, Arore, Rore, Aror, Rora Khatris, Aror Khatris etc. Some of the Aroras simply returned their caste names with Arora sub-caste names such as Arya, Ahuja, Batheja, Bathla, Chawla, Chabbra, Juneja, Jadeja, Taneja, Upneja, Wadhwa etc. [15]
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (17 November 2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland. ISBN 9780192527479 – via books.google.com.
- ^ Kesar Singh (1997). B. L. Abbi (ed.). Post-green revolution rural Punjab: A profile of economic and socio-cultural change, 1965-1995. p. 36.
Of the clean caste households in the village , Arora , a traditional shopkeeping and petty - business caste , is lacking in the Jat's prestige and power in this village
- ^ J. Royal Roseberry (1987). Imperial Rule in Punjab: The Conquest and Administration of Multan 1818-1881. p. 4.
The Aroras were so numerous that many had to find employ outside the traditional caste occupations of shopkeeper, moneylender and village accountant.
- ^ Levi (2002), p. 107
- ^ India, Punjab (1976). Volume 9 of Punjab District Gazetteers. Controller of Print and Stationery. p. 87.
- ^ Government of Haryana, Department of Welfare. "Report of Backward Classes Commission". Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department. pp. 05, 135. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ McLeod, W. H. (24 July 2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.
- ^ Government of Haryana, Department of Welfare. "Report of Backward Classes Commission". Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department. pp. 135–136. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ Joyce Pettigrew (1975). Robber Noblemen: A Study of the Political System of the Sikh Jats. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 41.
The Aroras, who formed 9 per cent of the Sikh population and who generally supplied most of Punjab's petty traders and small shopkeepers...
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Gazetteers of India, State Editor (1976). Amritsar. Chandigarh: Government of Punjab. p. 88.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "Chapter Iii". Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ^ Singh, Surely Kumar (1997). People of India: India's communities. Kolkata: Anthropological Survey of India. p. 126.
- ^ "Religions And Castes". District Gazetteer - Amritsar. Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab. 1976. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ^ Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory. Amsterdam University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-90-5356-035-8.
- ^ Government of India, Deputy Registrar General (23 August 1956). "GLOSSARY OR CASTE NAMES RETURNED AT THE CENSUS OF 1951 IN THE DISTRICTS OF PEPSU" (PDF). Linguistic Survey of India. Archived from the original on 23 August 1956. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
Bibliography
- Levi, Scott Cameron (2002), The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550–1900, Leiden: BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-12320-5, retrieved 23 October 2011