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Miriam Benjamin

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Miriam Benjamin
The patent used by Benjamin for the Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels.
Born
Miriam Elizabeth Benjamin

September 16, 1861
Charleston, South Carolina
Died1947 (aged 85–86)
Boston, Massachusetts
NationalityAmerican
Other namesE. B. Miriam
Occupation(s)Inventor
Educator
Known forInventor of the Gong and Signal Chair and second black woman to receive a patent in the United States

Miriam E. Benjamin (September 16, 1861 – 1947) was an American schoolteacher and inventor. In 1888, she obtained a patent for the Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels, becoming the second African-American woman to receive a patent.

Early life and education

Benjamin was born in Charleston, South Carolina in 1861.[1][2][3] She was the eldest of five children of Francis Benjamin and Eliza (Hopkins) Benjamin. In 1873, the Benjamin family moved to Boston, Massachusetts,[4] where she attended high school.[2]

Benjamin attended Howard University's medical school between 1894 and 1895,[2][5] but after passing a competitive civil service examination and working as a government clerk in a number of federal departments,[6] she obtained legal training, possibly by reading law under the instruction of an attorney, or by attending law school, and became an attorney.[2]

Career

From 1888 to 1895, Benjamin was a teacher in Washington, D.C.,[2] in the segregated municipal school system. In 1888, she was living at 1736 New York Avenue, N.W. in Washington.[7]

On July 17 1888,[8] she obtained a patent for her invention, the Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels.[9][10] As its name suggests, the chair had both a gong and signal connected to it.[11] When the person in the chair pressed a small button on the side of the chair, it would ring a bell and display the red side of a ball on the back of the chair,[12][13][14] allowing the attendant to see which guest needed help. The chair was designed to reduce expenses by reducing the need for waiters and attendants, and "to obviate the necessity of hand clapping or calling aloud" to obtain assistance.[12]

As described in the patent application, Benjamin also intended the invention to be useful for legislatures,[12] and she further hoped this would include the United States House of Representatives, and lobbied for it to be adopted.[9][15][16] A similar but more complicated system was installed in 1895 by the United States House of Representatives.[9][17] Her invention was also a precursor to the signaling system used on airplanes for passengers to seek assistance from flight attendants.[18][14]

After the 1888 patent of the Gong and Signal chair, Benjamin continued to obtain patents. When she returned to Boston in 1900, she referred to herself as a "solicitor of patents," and is listed as an attorney on her brother's 1893 patent application.[2] In 1903, it was reported she patented a pinking device for dressmaking.[2] On December 4, 1917, she received U.S. patent no. 1,249,000 for her Sole for Footwear. This invention was intended to help with temperature regulation in the foot.[19]

Under the pseudonym E. B. Miriam, Benjamin also composed musical pieces, including songs and marches for piano and band. In 1895, the Boston-based magazine Women's Era reported "Miss Miriam Benjamin has composed a march which is now upon the market, the 'Boston Elite Quickstep.' It has been played by Sousa's band, and is published by Ross of West street, this city. The publisher is so well pleased with it that he offers to take any future work of Miss Benjamin. By the way, the author is published as E. B. Miriam."[20] One of her compositions was used by Theodore Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1904.[21][better source needed]

In 1920, she returned to Boston, where she lived and worked with her brother, attorney Edgar P. Benjamin.[22] Along with Sarah Boone, Ellen Eglin, and Sarah E. Goode, Benjamin was one of four African American women inventors of her time who developed new technology for the home.[14]

Personal life

Her sisters were Charlotte D. "Lottie" Benjamin (1863–1928, m. Walter W. Sampson, 1889, no children) and Eva S. Benjamin (1867–73).[23] Her brother Lyde Wilson Benjamin (1865–1916) was an attorney as well as an inventor. On May 16, 1893, he received U.S. patent no. 497,747 for an improvement on "Broom Moisteners and Bridles." Her younger brother Edgar Pinkerton Benjamin (1869–1972) graduated from Boston University's law school and had a successful private practice in the city of Boston.[24] Although best remembered for establishing the Resthaven Nursing Home (now the Benjamin Healthcare Center) in Roxbury, Massachusetts, he also received U.S. patent no. 475,749 for a "Trousers-Shield," or, a bicycle clip, on May 31, 1892.

Miriam Benjamin never married. For most of her life she lived with her widowed mother Eliza Jane (Hopkins) Benjamin (1840–1934) in the Boston area.[25] She died in 1947.[26]

See also

Further reading

  • Sullivan, Otha Richard (2001). African American Women Scientists and Inventors. CIP Wiley. ISBN 0-471-38707-X.
  • Maggs, Sam (2016). Wonder Women: 25 Innovators, Inventors, and Trailblazers Who Changed History. Quirk Books. ISBN 9781594749261.

References

  1. ^ Daniel Smith Lamb: Howard University Medical Department: A Historical, Biographical and Statistical Souvenir, (Washington, D.C., 1900), 235
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Sluby, Patricia Carter (2004). The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity. Praeger. p. 153. ISBN 9780275966744. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  3. ^ Although she would consistently cite 1868 as her birthdate, census returns tend to suggest the 1861 date. 1870 Federal Census for the 2nd Ward of the city of Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina, page 117, lines 17–25 (misspelling her name as Marianna)
  4. ^ 1880 Federal Census for Suffolk County (Massachusetts) Enumeration District 703, Sheet 14, Lines 42–45 (10 Dover Street, Boston, Mass. [1st Precinct of the 16th Ward])
  5. ^ Lamb, 235
  6. ^ Boyd's Directory of the District of Columbia (Washington, 1891), 212
  7. ^ Boyd's Directory of the District of Columbia(Washington, 1888), 208
  8. ^ Ives, Patricia Carter (February 1980). "Patent and Trademark Innovation of Black Americans and Women". Journal of the Patent Office Society. 62 (2): 108–126. at p. 114
  9. ^ a b c Art (December 18, 2013). "Whereas: Stories from the People's House". History, Art & Archives. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved September 17, 2021. Sources: Report of the Architect of the Capitol, July 1, 1895; U.S. Patent No. 386,289
  10. ^ Salerno, Heather (March 12, 1997). "Mothers of Invention". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  11. ^ Merritt, Deborah J. (July 1991). "Hypatia in the Patent Office: Women Inventors and the Law, 1865-1900". The American Journal of Legal History. 35 (3): 235–306. doi:10.2307/845974. ISSN 0002-9319. JSTOR 845974. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c "US386289A". Google Patents. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  13. ^ Potenza, Alessandra (March 2020). "Daring to Discover: These women fought to follow their dreams in STEM 100 years ago". SuperScience. 31 (6). Scholastic, Inc.
  14. ^ a b c McNeill, Leila (February 7, 2017). "These Four Black Women Inventors Reimagined the Technology of the Home". Smithsonian. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  15. ^ "Race Gleanings". The Freeman. September 7, 1895. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  16. ^ "Woman's World". Newburgh Daily Journal. December 5, 1895. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  17. ^ "Many Useful Inventions Credited To Early Blacks". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. February 26, 1981. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  18. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Black History Month Daily Feature for Feb. 17: Miriam E. Benjamin". US Newswire. Gale OneFile: News. February 16, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2021. The system was a predecessor of the system universally used on airliners around the world.
  19. ^ Benjamin, Miriam E. "Sole for footwear." U.S. Patent No. 1,249,000. December 4, 1917.
  20. ^ Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin and Florida Ruffin Ridley, editors, Women's Era(April 1895), 2:11; found online at http://womenwriters.digitalscholarship.emory.edu/content.php?level=div&id=era2_01.17&document=era2 Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  21. ^ Eleanor Mahoney (2019). "Miriam E. Benjamin (1861–1947)". BlackPast.org. blackpast.org. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  22. ^ 1930 Federal Census for Suffolk County Enumeration District 13-319, Sheet 15-A, Lines 24–26 (50 Fernwood Road, Boston, Mass.)
  23. ^ Massachusetts Deaths 258:7. Massachusetts State Archives, Columbia Point, Boston, Mass.
  24. ^ Anthony W. Neal, "Edgar P. Benjamin: Philanthropist, Noted Attorney and Banker," Bay State Banner, March 28, 2013, cited at http://baystatebanner.com/news/2013/mar/28/edgar-p-benjamin-philanthropist-noted-attorney-and/ Accessed September 10, 2013. He always used the date 1871 as his birthdate; however the 1870 Federal Census return cited above shows him as a six-month-old infant born the previous December.
  25. ^ 1930 Federal Census
  26. ^ Massachusetts Deaths for 1947 6:63; Department of Public Health, Registry of Vital Records and Statistics. Massachusetts Vital Records Index to Deaths [1916–1970]. Volumes 66–145. Facsimile edition. Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, Massachusetts.
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