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2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections

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2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections
← 2019 May 9, 2022 (2022-05-09)
All 316 seats to the House of Representatives of the Philippines
159 seats needed for a majority
Speaker before election

Lord Allan Velasco
PDP–Laban

Elected Speaker

TBD

The 2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections will be the 36th lower house elections in the Philippines. The election of the House of Representatives is scheduled to be held on May 9, 2022.

The election will be held concurrently with the 2022 presidential, Senate and local elections. A voter has two votes in the House of Representatives: one for the congressional district, and one for party-list. Parties of leading presidential candidates are expected to stand candidates in many districts. In the outgoing 18th Congress, there are 243 congressional districts.

As there will be 253 districts to date, there shall be 63 seats, or at least 20% of the seats, disputed in the party-list election. The party-list election is done on a nationwide, at-large basis, separate and distinct from the election from the congressional districts.

Background

Main article: 18th Congress of the Philippines

In the 18th Congress of the Philippines, the parties supporting President Rodrigo Duterte disputed the speakership, Alan Peter Cayetano of the Nacionalista Party, Lord Allan Jay Velasco of PDP–Laban, and the National Unity Party's (NUP) Paolo Duterte emerged as the front-runners to be speaker. The president pushed for a term-sharing agreement between Cayetano and Velasco, with Cayetano serving from July 2019 to October 2020, then Velasco serving until 2022. The younger Duterte disapproved of term-sharing, though. Cayetano was elected Speaker in July 2019.[1]

By March 2020, Cayetano allegedly met with representatives from the Nacionalistas and the NUP to consolidate support for his tenure as speaker. This allegedly involved declaring the position of Speaker vacant. and with Cayetano having enough votes to be reelected, override the original agreement in order to remain in position for the rest of the congressional term. Cayetano, when asked about this, said "I cannot predict what's going to happen sa (on the) floor which can happen anytime and any member can make any motion."[2]

Weeks before he is expected to turn over the speakership to Velasco, Cayetano said that Velasco's term shall start on November, as October is the 15th month, and it was brokered that he become speaker for the first 15 months. Aside from the speakership, only one committee chairmanship is expected to change hands, with all other positions unaffected by the change.[3]

In a September 29, 2020 meeting between President Duterte, Cayetano and Velasco, the president asked the representatives to abide by the gentleman's agreement.[4] Velasco rejected Duterte's suggestion to move the term-sharing deal from October to December.[5] On the October 1 session, Cayetano, who attacked Velasco for pushing through with the deal in the middle of the pandemic and while the budget is being tackled offered to resign as speaker, but it was rejected by his allies. A later vote showed that 184 representatives wanted Cayetano to stay as speaker, 1 dissented, and 9 abstained.[6]

At the next week, Congress suspended its session a week earlier than scheduled. At the session Cayetano moved to terminate the period of debates and amendments. After that was approved, another motion was approved for the 2021 budget to be approved on second reading. The session was then suspended until November 16. This meant that session was suspended before the expected transfer of power on October 14.[7] This put the status of the budget in time in doubt. Duterte called on Cayetano and Velasco to settle their differences or else he'll "do it for you". Duterte then called on a special session from October 13 to 16 to pass the budget.[8]

On October 11, pictures of Velasco and Davao City mayor Sara Duterte appeared on the internet, with the presidential daughter giving tacit approval of Velasco's speakership campaign.[9] On October 12, the day before the special session, Velasco and his allies gathered in the Celebrity Sports Plaza in Quezon City to elect new officials of the House of Representatives, including the speakership. Velasco was elected 186–0. Cayetano branded the session as illegal.[10] On the morning of the special session, Velasco allies entered the session hall of the Batasang Pambansa Complex and elected Velasco as speaker in the same 186–0 result. While voting was ongoing, Cayetano resigned as speaker on Facebook live, giving Velasco the speakership undisputedly.[11] Velasco then recalled the budget from second reading, reopening deliberations for it.[12]

After Velasco and his allies consolidated leadership positions in the chamber, Cayetano and six of his allies launched "BTS sa Kongreso", or "Back to service in Congress" in January 2021. Cayetano clarified that his bloc was not named as such, in response to fans of South Koream boy band BTS who called out Cayetano using the name of the boy band for political motives.[13]

Electoral system

The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. For this election, there shall be 316 seats in the House of Representatives; 253 of these are district representatives, and 63 are party-list representatives

Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under the first-past-the-post system from single-member districts. Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% election threshold, with a party winning not more than three seats.[14] The party with the most votes usually wins three seats, then the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats. At this point, if all of the party-list seats are not filled up, the parties with less than 2% of the vote will win one seat each until all party-list seats are filled up.[15] The electoral system, with the 2% threshold and the 3-seat cap, encourage vote splitting; several parties have indeed exploited this, putting up separate party-lists for every sector so as not to waste their vote on just one party.[16]

Political parties competing in the party-list election are barred from participating district elections, and vice versa, unless permitted by the Commission on Elections. Party-lists and political parties participating in the district elections may forge coalition deals with one another.

Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local; the candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign.[citation needed]

Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though.[citation needed]

District changes

In the Philippines, Congress has the power to create new congressional districts. Congress can either redistrict the entire country within three years after each Philippine census, or create new districts from existing ones piecemeal, although Congress has never redistricted the entire country wholesale since the approval of the 1987 constitution. Congress usually creates a new district once a place reaches the minimum 250,000 population mandated by the constitution.[17]

New districts can also be created by creating new provinces and cities; in this case, it also must be approved by the people in a plebiscite in the affected places.

Changes from redistricting laws from the previous Congress

There are four new districts that will be first contested in 2022, based from redistricting laws passed by the 17th Congress:[18]

It will also be the first election for Davao de Oro in that name, after the successful renaming plebiscite in 2019 from "Compostela Valley".[22]

In Palawan, a law was passed dividing it into three provinces, with each province and Puerto Princesa getting a new district each; Palawan and Puerto Princesa together presently has 3 districts. As this means creating new provinces, it has to be approved in a plebiscite before it can be made effective.[23] In the ensuing plebiscite held on March 13, 2021, the voters rejected division, thereby retaining the status quo of three districts between Palawan and Puerto Princesa.[24]

Changes from redistricting laws from the current Congress

There are six new districts created by the 18th Congress that have either been signed by President Rodrigo Duterte, or lapsed, into law:[18]

  • Dividing Rizal's 2nd district to three districts
    • This involves giving Rodriguez and San Mateo its own congressional districts each as 4th and 3rd districts respectively, while leaving the rest of the 2nd district intact.[25][26]
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11533[27]
  • Dividing Caloocan's 1st district to two districts
    • The new 3rd district shall include Camarin's Barangay 178, and the entirety of Tala and Amparo, while leaving the rest of the 1st district intact.[28][29]
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11545[30]
  • Reapportioning Bulacan excluding San Jose del Monte from four districts to six
    • This involves redistricting Bulacan's 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts. The 1st district is not affected.[31][29]
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11546[32]
  • Reapportioning Bataan from two districts to three
    • Bagac and Mariveles from the 2nd district and Dinalupihan and Morong from the 1st district will compose the new 3rd district, with the rest of the 1st and 2nd districts intact.
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11553[33][34]

On August, the Commission on Elections set the number of seats to be disputed in the election. As there were 253 districts by that date, that means there will be 63 party-list seats to be disputed as well.[35]

Category Total
Congressional districts in the current Congress 243
New districts from redistricting laws from previous Congress 4
New districts from redistricting laws from current Congress 6
Congressional districts in the next Congress 253
Party-list seats for the next Congress 63
Total seats for the next Congress 316

A law was ratified dividing Maguindanao into two provinces; as Maguindanao now is divided into 2 districts, this does not change the number of districts, but does send Talitay along with the old 1st district to Maguindanao del Norte, while leaving the rest of the old 2nd district as the new Maguindanao del Sur.[36] As this involved creating new provinces, the people must agree on a plebiscite for this to be effective. The law originally scheduled the plebiscite on August 2021, but the Commission on Elections rescheduled the plebiscite to be held after the 2022 election. This means that in Maguindanao, the current appropriation would be used before the province was to be divided.[37]

As there shall be 253 districts in the election to date, and that party-list seats shall be 20% of the seats in the chamber, there shall be 63 seats to be disputed under the party-list system. This means that the incoming 19th Congress shall have 316 seats.

Participating parties

In both chambers of Congress, members are organized into "blocs", akin to parliamentary groups elsewhere. In keeping with the traditions of the Third Philippine Republic which was under a two-party system, there are two main blocs, the majority and minority blocs, this is in spite of the fact that the country is now in a multi-party system. Those who voted for the winning speaker are from the majority bloc, while those who did not (if there are more than two candidates for the speakership) will vote amongst themselves on who will be the minority bloc. The loser from the that shall be the independent minority bloc. Members can also be from the independent bloc. Each bloc can have members from multiple parties. Only the majority and minority blocs have voting privileges in committees.

In the present 18th Congress, the majority bloc is seen to be in favor of President Rodrigo Duterte's presidency, while the minority and independent minority blocs are those opposed.

Elections in congressional districts

Political parties in the Philippines have been described as "temporary political alliances", or argued that there are no parties at all, just "fan clubs of politicians". Party-switching is not uncommon. The dependence of parties on personalities instead of issues is seen as a factor on why this is so.[38][39]

style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #ffd700;" data-sort-value="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #104a21;" data-sort-value="National Unity Party (Philippines)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #98fb98;" data-sort-value="Nacionalista Party" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #4AA02C;" data-sort-value="Nationalist People's Coalition" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #B0E0E6;" data-sort-value="Lakas–CMD" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #f0e68c;" data-sort-value="Liberal Party (Philippines)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0D5F31;" data-sort-value="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0000CD;" data-sort-value="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #9683EC;" data-sort-value="Aksyon Demokratiko" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0067B4;" data-sort-value="Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #ffa500;" data-sort-value="Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #F08080;" data-sort-value="People's Reform Party" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #cc0000;" data-sort-value="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC;" data-sort-value="Independent politician" |
Party 2019 results Current seats Bloc membership Ideology Political spectrum
Votes Seat(s) Majority Minority Other
PDP–Laban
31.22%
82 / 304
62 / 304
 Most Some Some Democratic socialism, populism, federalism Center-left to left-wing
NUP
9.51%
25 / 304
44 / 304
 Most Some No Social conservatism, Christian democracy Center to center-right
Nacionalista
16.10%
42 / 304
42 / 304
 Most Some No Conservatism Right-wing
NPC
14.31%
37 / 304
33 / 304
 Most Some No Conservatism Right-wing
Lakas
5.11%
12 / 304
19 / 304
 All No No Conservatism, Christian democracy Right-wing
Liberal
5.73%
18 / 304
16 / 304
 Most Some No Social liberalism Center to center-left
PFP
2.38%
5 / 304
5 / 304
 All No No Federalism Center
LDP
0.62%
2 / 304
2 / 304
 Some No Some Conservatism Center
Aksyon
0.98%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Progressivism, liberal democracy Center-left
CDP
0.20%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Christian democracy Center-right
PMP
0.98%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Populism Big tent
PRP
0.34%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Reformism Center-left
Reporma
0%
0 / 304
1 / 304
 No No All Reformism Right-wing
Independent
4.97%
2 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Varies Varies
Local parties
6.33%
14 / 304
9 / 304
 Most No Some Regionalists and localists Varies
Vacancy —
0 / 304
5 / 304
 —

Party-list election

In party-list elections, parties, usually called as "party-lists" can represent ideological, sectoral or ethnolinguistic interests. These elections have allowed left-wing parties to enter the legislature, such as parties allied with the Makabayan and Akbayan, and right-wing parties such as Magdalo. Other parties represent sectoral interests such as Senior Citizens, who represent the elderly, or regionalists such as Ako Bikol who represent Bicolanos. While envisioned as a tool to allow the marginalized to enter the legislature, it has allowed politicians who had previously ran and won in non-party-list elections and landed interests to win under the party-list banner as well. Party-list representatives have also ran and won in elections outside the party-list system as well.[16]

The Party-list Coalition has represented party-list interests in Congress starting in 2014. In the 18th Congress, all party-lists, save for those from Makabayan and Magdalo, are members of this group.[40] The party-list representatives, save from the Makabayan bloc usually support the policies of the sitting president.

Coalition Current seats Bloc membership Ideology Political spectrum Other
Seat(s) Majority Minority
Party-list Coalition
54 / 304
 17.76% Most Some Some Varies Big tent
Makabayan
6 / 304
 1.97% No All No Progressivism Left-wing
Magdalo
1 / 304
 0.33% All No No Conservatism Right-wing

Retiring and term-limited incumbents

Representatives who have been elected for three consecutive times on regular elections (special elections do not count) are prohibited from running for a fourth consecutive term. Incumbents on their first or second terms may opt to run for other offices.

Term-limited incumbents

These are incumbents who are on their third consecutive terms and cannot run for reelection. They can run for another position outside the House of Representatives, though. Term-limited politicians usually ran for local office, swapping positions with a family member.

Party Member District Running in this position in 2022 Party nominated (relation) Notes
Abang Lingkod Joseph Stephen Paduano Party-list
Abono Conrado Estrella III Party-list
AGAP Rico Geron Party-list
Aksyon Edgar Erice Caloocan–2nd Mayor of Caloocan[41]
Bayan Muna Carlos Isagani Zarate Party-list
Buhay Lito Atienza Party-list
BPP Maria Lourdes Acosta-Alba Bukidnon–1st
Lakas Fredenil Castro Capiz–2nd
LDP Rodrigo Abellanosa Cebu City–2nd By March 2020, Abellanosa is said to be eyeing to run for mayor of Cebu City, or not run in 2022.[42] Over a year later, Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan was reportedly eyeing him to either run for mayor or vice mayor.[43]
Liberal Kit Belmonte Quezon City–6th
Liberal Francis Gerald Abaya Cavite–1st Kawit mayor Paul Abaya (brother)[44]
Nacionalista Raneo Abu Batangas–2nd
Nacionalista Sol Aragones Laguna–3rd Governor of Laguna[citation needed]
Nacionalista Abdulmunir Mundoc Arbison Sulu–2nd
Nacionalista Mercedes Cagas Davao del Sur
Nacionalista Eileen Ermita-Buhain Batangas–1st It is rumored that her husband Eric Buhain will run to replace her.
Nacionalista Joaquin Chipeco Jr. Calamba
Nacionalista Lawrence Fortun Agusan del Norte–1st
Nacionalista Jeffrey Khonghun Zambales–1st
Nacionalista Rogelio Neil Roque Bukidnon–4th Governor of Bukidnon[45]
Nacionalista Jose I. Tejada Cotabato–3rd
NPC Erico Aristotle Aumentado Bohol–2nd It's speculated that Aumentado will run for governor of Bohol, while his wife will run to replace him as congressman from the third district.[46]
NPC Abdullah Dimaporo Lanao del Norte–2nd
NPC Evelina Escudero Sorsogon–1st
NPC Angelina Tan Quezon–4th On April 2021, Tan said that she is "99.99% ready" to run for governor of Quezon.[47]
NPC Noel Villanueva Tarlac–3rd
NUP Alex Advincula Cavite–3rd Mayor of Imus[44]
NUP Franz Alvarez Palawan–1st
NUP Wilfredo Caminero Cebu–2nd
NUP Leo Rafael Cueva Negros Occidental–2nd
NUP Luis Ferrer IV Cavite–6th Mayor of General Trias[44] General Trias mayor Antonio Ferrer (brother)
NUP Gavini Pancho Bulacan–2nd
NUP Juliette Uy Misamis Oriental–2nd Uy is seen as a potential opponent of Cagayan de Oro mayor Oscar Moreno in the Misamis Oriental gubernatorial race.[48]
NUP Rolando Uy Cagayan de Oro–1st By January 2020, Uy is seen as a leading candidate for mayor of Cagayan de Oro if he does run.[49]
PDP–Laban Benjamin Agarao Jr. Laguna–4th
PDP–Laban Isagani Amatong Zamboanga del Norte–3rd
PDP–Laban Rose Marie Arenas Pangasinan–3rd
PDP–Laban Ferdinand Hernandez South Cotabato–2nd Hernandez is rumored to run for governor of South Cotabato.[50]
PDP–Laban Dulce Ann Hofer Zamboanga Sibugay–2nd
PDP–Laban Elisa Olga Kho Masbate–2nd
PDP–Laban Paulino Salvador Leachon Oriental Mindoro–1st
PDP–Laban Eric Olivarez[51] Parañaque–1st Mayor of Parañaque Parañaque mayor Edwin Olivarez (brother)
PDP–Laban Xavier Jesus Romualdo Camiguin
PDP–Laban Estrellita Suansing Nueva Ecija–1st
PDP–Laban Abraham Tolentino Cavite–8th Mayor of Tagaytay[44] Tagaytay mayor Agnes Tolentino (wife)
PDP–Laban Lucy Torres[52] Leyte–4th Mayor of Ormoc Ormoc mayor Richard Gomez (husband)
PDP–Laban Alfred Vargas[53] Quezon City–5th Retiring Quezon City councilor Patrick Michael Vargas (brother)
PDP–Laban Ronaldo Zamora San Juan Retiring[54]
PFP Cheryl Deloso-Montalla Zambales–2nd

Retiring incumbents

These were allowed defend their seats, but chose not to:

Party Member District Running in this position in 2022 Party nominated (relation) Notes
Anakalusugan Mike Defensor Party-list Defensor is rumored to run for mayor of Quezon City.[55]
Lakas Mikey Arroyo Pampanga–2nd Retiring[56] Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (mother)
Lakas Ramon Guico III Pangasinan–5th Governor of Pangasinan[57] Maan Tuazon-Guico (wife)
NPC Weslie Gatchalian Valenzuela–1st Mayor of Valenzuela[58] Valenzuela mayor Rex Gatchalian (brother)
NPC Dahlia Loyola[44] Cavite–5th Mayor of Carmona Carmona mayor Roy Loyola (husband)
NPC Loren Legarda Antique Senator[59]
NUP Strike Revilla[44] Cavite–2nd Mayor of Bacoor Bacoor mayor Lani Mercado (sister-in law)
NUP Yul Servo Manila–3rd Vice Mayor of Manila[60]
PDP–Laban Ruffy Biazon Muntinlupa Mayor of Muntinlupa[citation needed]
PDP–Laban Manuel Luis Lopez Manila–1st Mayor of Manila[61]
PDP–Laban Dale Malapitan Caloocan–1st Mayor of Caloocan[62]

Marginal seats

Elections in congressional districts

These are the marginal seats that had a winning margin of 5% or less in the 2019 elections, in ascending order via margin:

Party District Incumbent 2019 margin
PDP–Laban Manila–5th Cristal Bagatsing 0.83%
PDP–Laban Dinagat Islands Alan Ecleo 0.92%
Lakas Pangasinan–5th Ramon Guico III 1.42%
NUP Masbate–1st Narciso Bravo Jr. 1.45%
NUP Misamis Occidental–1st Diego Ty 1.92%
NPC Ifugao Solomon Chungalao 1.95%
Bileg Ilocos Sur–2nd Kristine Singson-Meehan 2.10%
Nacionalista Camarines Sur–2nd Luis Raymund Villafuerte 2.18%
Nacionalista Iligan Frederick Siao 2.27%
NPC Batanes Ciriaco Gato Jr. 2.50%
Lakas Lanao del Sur–2nd Yasser Balindong 2.73%
NUP Manila–2nd Rolando Valeriano 2.77%
PDP–Laban Eastern Samar Maria Fe Abunda 3.11%
PDP–Laban Zamboanga del Sur–2nd Leonardo Babasa Jr. 3.45%
Nacionalista Pangasinan–1st Arnold Celeste 3.79%
Nacionalista Bohol–3rd Alexie Besas-Tutor 4.00%
Liberal Makati–1st Kid Peña 4.20%
PRP Nueva Ecija–4th Maricel Natividad-Nagaño 4.59%
PDP–Laban Davao de Oro–2nd[a] Ruwel Peter Gonzaga 5.00%
  1. ^ Contested as Compostela Valley–2nd in 2019.

Party-list elections

The following party-lists won less than 2% of the vote in 2019, and only won one seat each because all of party-list seats have not been filled up by the parties that did win at least 2% of the vote. These are sorted by number of votes in descending order.

References

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  2. ^ Cepeda, Mara. "Is there a House coup or is Cayetano just out to scrap term-sharing with Velasco?". Rappler. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  3. ^ "Velasco's term to start in Nov". The Manila Times. September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  4. ^ "Lord Allan Velasco to be House Speaker, says Duterte". Rappler. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  5. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (September 30, 2020). "Velasco rejected Duterte's plea to move term-sharing deal to December — Cayetano". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
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  8. ^ Mendez, Christina; Punay, Edu. "Duterte calls special session on October 13–16". philstar.com. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
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  11. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (October 13, 2020). "BREAK: Making it official, House ratifies Velasco's election as Speaker". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  12. ^ Colcol, Erwin (October 13, 2020). "House reopens 2021 budget delibs, recalls 2nd reading approval". GMA News Online. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  13. ^ "Cayetano: 'BTS sa Kongreso' not a name, but a call to action". GMA News Online. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
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  21. ^ Corrales, Nestor. "Duterte signs law creating lone legislative district of Mandaue City". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  22. ^ Balasbas, Rhommel (December 9, 2019). "Compostella (sic) Valley tatawagin nang Davao de Oro" [Compostela Valley now to be called Davao de Oro]. Radyo Inquirer 990 AM (in Filipino). Retrieved December 9, 2019.
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  25. ^ "Rodriguez, San Mateo congressional districts created". Manila Bulletin News. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  26. ^ Begas, Billy (March 29, 2021). "May madadagdag na congressman! Fidel Nograles hails creation of Rizal's 4th district". Politiko South Luzon. Retrieved March 30, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ^ "AN ACT REAPPORTIONING THE SECOND LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT OF THE PROVINCE OF RIZAL INTO THREE (3) LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  29. ^ a b Ramos, Christia Marie (March 9, 2021). "Senate passes bills creating new Caloocan, Bulacan legislative districts". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  30. ^ "AN ACT REAPPORTIONING THE FIRST LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT OF THE CITY OF CALOOCAN INTO TWO (2) LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "Bulacan redistricting bill to 6 legislative districts approve on second reading". Ronda Balita. August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
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