Manichaean script

Manichaean script
Manichaean script;
Script type	Abjad
Time period	3rd - 10th c. CE
Direction	Right-to-left script
Languages	Manichaean Middle Iranian
Related scripts
Parent systems	Aramaic; \| Syriac; \| Sogdian; \| \| Manichaean script;
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Manichaean script is a sibling of an early form of Pahlavi script, and like Pahlavi is a development from Imperial Aramaic, the official language and script of the Achaemenid court. Unlike Pahlavi, Manichaean script reveals influences from Sogdian script, which in turn descends from the Syriac branch of Aramaic. Manichaean script is so named because Manichean texts attribute its design to Mani himself.

Older Manichaean texts appear in a script and language that is still identifiable as Syriac-Aramaic and these compositions are then classified as Syriac/Aramaic texts. Later texts using Manichaean script are attested in the literature of three Middle Iranian language ethnolects:

the dialect of Sogdiana in the east, which had a large Manichean population.
the dialect of Parthia in the northeast, which is indistinguishable from Medean of the northwest.
the dialect of Parsa (Persia proper) in southwest Iran, formerly and properly known as Parsi.

The Manichaean system does not have a high incidence of Semitic language logograms and ideograms that are an essential characteristic of the Pahlavi system. Moreover, because Manichaean scribes considered the script a sacred instrument, it was protected from the evolution that Pahlavi script underwent, and is hence more archaic than Book Pahlavi.

Manichean script was not the only script used to render Manichaean manuscripts. When writing in Sogdian, which was frequently the case, Manichean scribes frequently used Sogdian script ("Uighur script"). Likewise, outside Manichaeism, the dialect of Parsa (Persia proper) was also recorded in other systems, including Pahlavi script (in which case it is known as Pahlavi) and Avestan script (in which case it is known as Pazend).

In 19th century, German expeditions discovered a number of Manichaean manuscripts at Bulayiq on the Silk Road, near Turfan in north-west China. Many of these manuscripts are today preserved in Berlin.

Further reading