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Santa Maria Formation

Coordinates: 29°41′42″S 53°47′43″W / 29.695042°S 53.795403°W / -29.695042; -53.795403
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Santa Maria Formation
Stratigraphic range: Carnian
~233 Ma
↓
Santa Maria Formation. Source: UFSM
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofRosário do Sul Group
Sub-unitsPasso das Tropas & Alemoa Members
UnderliesCaturrita Formation
OverliesSanga do Cabral Formation
Location
Coordinates29°41′42″S 53°47′43″W / 29.695042°S 53.795403°W / -29.695042; -53.795403
Region Rio Grande do Sul
Country Brazil
ExtentParaná Basin

The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It has a Late Ladinian[1][2] to Early Norian age[3][2] (Middle to Late Triassic[4][5]), and is notable for its fossils of early dinosaurs and other dinosauromorphs,[6][7] including the herrerasaurid Staurikosaurus, the basal sauropodomorphs Buriolestes and Saturnalia, and the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton.[8][9][10][11] It received this name because it was discovered first in the city of Santa Maria, on the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state.

A U-Pb (Uranium decay) dating of a locality of the Upper portion of the Santa Maria Formation dated around 233.23±0.73 million years ago, putting that locality 1.5 million years older than the Ischigualasto Formation, instead being in the temporal range of the Los Chañares Formation, and making the two formations (Santa Maria and Ischigualasto) approximately equal as having the earliest dinosaur localities.[3][7][12][13][14]

The Santa Maria Formation is part of the Candelária Sequence,[2][4] and is biostratigraphically subdivided into Dinodontosaurus (latest Ladinian-earliest Carnian), Santacruzodon (earliest Carnian-middle Carnian), and Hyperodapedon (middle Carnian-latest Carnian) Assemblage Zones (from the oldest to youngest).[15][5] Moreover, the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone is subdivided into Hyperodapedon Acme Zone (most of the zone, where the rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon is widely reported) and Exaeretodon Zone (restricted to 3 known and sampled localities, where Hyperodapedon is almost absent, but the traversodontid cynodont Exaeretodon is widely reported).[16][5] These subdivisions are also known as Lower and Upper Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, respectively.[15][16]

Vertebrate paleofauna

Temnospondyls

Temnospondyls of the Santa Maria Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Compsocerops[17] C. sp.[18] Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone A partial skull A chigutisaurid temnospondyl

Lepidosauromorphs

Lepidosauromorphs of the Santa Maria Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Clevosaurus C. hadroprodon Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Zone Cranial remains A clevosaurid rhynchocephalian

Parareptiles

Parareptiles of the Santa Maria Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Candelaria C. barbouri Dona Francisca-Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial and postcranial remains A owenetiid procolophonoid

Synapsids

Synapsids of the Santa Maria Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Alemoatherium[19] A. huebneri Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone A partial dentary A probainognathian cynodont
Aleodon A. cromptoni Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial and postcranial remains A probainognathian cynodont
Bonacynodon B. schultzi Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial remains A probainognathian cynodont
Candelariodon[20] C. barberenai Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone A partial mandible having some complete teeth A probainognathian cynodont
Charruodon[21] C. tetracuspidatus Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone A partial dentary A probainognathian cynodont[22]
Chiniquodon[23] C. theotonicus Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Several cranial remains A chiniquodontid cynodont
Chiniquodon[23] C. sp. Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Sul Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone A chiniquodontid cynodont
Dinodontosaurus D. pedroanum Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial and postcranial remains A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont
Exaeretodon[24] E. major Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Zone Cranial and postcranial remains A traversodontid cynodont
Exaeretodon[24] E. riograndensis Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Zone Cranial and postcranial remains A traversodontid cynodont
Gomphodontosuchus[25] G. brasiliensis Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Cranial remains A traversodontid cynodont
Luangwa L. sudamericana Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial remains A traversodontid cynodont
Massetognathus M. ochagavie Rio Grande do Sul Lower and Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz nad Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequences, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone and Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial and postcranial remains A traversodontid cynodont
Massetognathus M. pascuali Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial remains A traversodontid cynodont
Menadon M. besairiei Rio Grande do Sul Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone A traversodontid cynodont
Protheriodon P. estudianti Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial remains A probainognathian cynodont
Protuberum[26] P. cabralensis Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Partial articulated skeleton including skull, vertebrae and ribs A traversodontid cynodont
Prozostrodon[27] P. brasiliensis Santa Maria-São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Cranial remains A probainognathian cynodont
Santacruzgnathus[28] S. abdalai Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Sul Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone Cranial remains A probainognathian cynodont
Santacruzodon[29] S. hopsoni[29] Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Sul[29] Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone Cranial remains[29] A traversodontid cynodont[29]
Scalenodon S. ribeiroae Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone A traversodontid cynodont
Stahleckeria S. potens Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Cranial and postcranial remains A stahleckeriid dicyndont
Therioherpeton[30] T. cargnini Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Cranial remains A probainognathian cynodont
Traversodon T. stahleckeri Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone A traversodontid cynodont
Trucidocynodon[31] T. riograndensis Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Zone An ecteniniid probainognathiancynodont

Archosauromorphs

Archosauromorphs of the Santa Maria Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Aetobarbakinoides[32] A. brasiliensis Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Partial postcranial skeleton A stagonolepidid aetosaur pseudosuchian
Aetosauroides [33] A. scagliai Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone An almost complete skull and incomplete postcranial elements An aetosaur pseudosuchian
Bagualosaurus [34] B. agudoensis Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Zone Almost complete skull with lower jaws, several vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimbs A basal sauropodomorph
Barberenasuchus[35] B. brasiliensis Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone poorly preserved skull and axis vertebra An archosauriform of uncertain affinities
Brasinorhynchus[36] B. mariantensis Porto Mariante, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone A complete skull, atlas, axis, third neck vertebra A stenaulorhynchine rhynchosaur archosauromorph
Buriolestes [37][38] B. schultzi São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone parts of the skull, vertebrae, left forelimb, and left hindlimb The basalmost sauropodomorph dinosaur
Cerritosaurus [39] C. binsfeldi Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Badly preserved skull and postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Chanaresuchus[40][41] C. bonapartei Candelária-Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone Disarticulated cranial and postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Dagasuchus [42] D. santacruzensis Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone an illium and a pair of ischia A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Decuriasuchus [43] D. quartacolonia Dona Francisca, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Assemblage of several individuals, which together preserved virtually all the skeleton A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Dynamosuchus [44] D. collisensis Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Zone Semi articulated partial skull and disarticulated fragmentary postcranial skeleton An ornithosuchid pseudosuchian archosaur
Gnathovorax [45] G. cabreirai São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone A complete semi-articulated skeleton, part of a multiataxic fossil assemblage, including two cynodonts and two rhynchosaurs A herrerasaurid dinosaur
Hyperodapedon [46][15] H. sanjuanensis

H. mariensis

H. huenei

 Santa Maria-Agudo-Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone Complete skulls, and most postcranial elements A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur archosauromorph
Ixalerpeton [37] I. polesinensis São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Partial skull including a partial maxilla and both dentaries, most of the presacral vertebrae, two sacral vertebrae, several caudal verterae and associated chevrons, scapula and humerus, femora of at least two individuals, and tibia A basal lagerpetid ornithodiran
Nhandumirim [47] N. waldsangae Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Some vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb A juvenile saturnaliidsauropodomorph dinosaur[48][49][50][51][52]
Pagosvenator [53] P. candelariensis Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Poorly preserved skull and cervical elements An erpetosuchid archosaur
Pampadromaeus[54] P. barberenai Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Zone Almost complete skull and lower jaws, several vertebrae, partial pectoral girdle, partial forelimb, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb A basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
"Polesinesuchus" [55] "P. aurelioi" São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Several postcranial elements An immature aetosaur pseudosuchian, possible synonym of Aetosauroides scagliai[56]
Prestosuchus [57][58][59] P. chiniquensis
P. loricatus 		Candelária-Dona Francisca-São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Virtually all the skeleton is known A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Procerosuchus[60] P. celer São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Proterochampsa P. nodosa Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Skull and partial postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Rauisuchus [61] R. tiradentes Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Incomplete skeleton including skull elements, several vertebrae and partial hindlimb A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Rhadinosuchus [62] R. gracilis Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Badly preserved skull and postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Saturnalia [11] S. tupinquim Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Three partial skeleton, including partial skull and lower jaw, complete cervical, dorsal and partial caudal vertebral series, pectoral girdle, partial forelimb, pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb A basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
Spondylosoma [63] S. absconditum São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Several postcranial remains An avemetatarsalian aphanosaur
Staurikosaurus [8][9] S. pricei Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Partial postcranial skeleton with mandible A basal herrerasaurid dinosaur
Unnamed lagerpetid[7] Unnamed Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Specimen UFSM 11611 (partial left femur) A basal lagerpetid dinosauromorph

Formations

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Geological formations in Rio Grande do Sul:

See also

References

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