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For other uses, see Alms (disambiguation).
Woman giving alms by János Thorma

Alms (/ɑːmz/, /ɑːlmz/) are money, food, or other material goods donated to people living in poverty.[1][2] The word is most often used in historical contexts.[3] Providing alms is often considered an act of virtue or charity. The act of providing alms is called almsgiving, and it is a widespread practice in a number of different religions and cultures.[4]

Etymology

The word, in the modern English language, comes from the Old English ælmesse, ælmes, from Late Latin eleemosyna, from Greek ἐλεημοσύνη eleēmosynē ("pity, alms"), from ἐλεήμων, eleēmōn ("merciful"), from ἔλεος, eleos ("pity").[citation needed]

Buddhism

Three monks seeking alms in Lhasa, Tibet. 1993.

Dāna in Buddhism

Main article: Dāna § Buddhism

In Buddhism, both "almsgiving" and "giving" are called "dāna" (Pāli).[5] Such giving is one of the three elements of the path of practice as formulated by the Buddha for laypeople.[6] This path of practice for laypeople is: dāna, sīla, bhāvanā.[7]

The paradox in Buddhism is that the more a person gives without seeking something in return, the wealthier (in the broadest sense of the word) one will become. This is because by giving, one destroys those acquisitive impulses that are believed to ultimately lead to further suffering. Generosity is also expressed towards other sentient beings as both an aid to the receiver of the gift and a cause of merit for the gifter. In Mahayana Buddhism, it is accepted that although the three jewels of refuge are the basis of the greatest merit, by seeing other sentient beings as having Buddha nature and making offerings towards the aspirational Buddha to be within them is of equal benefit.[citation needed]

Generosity towards other sentient beings is greatly emphasised in Mahayana as one of the perfections (paramita). As shown in Lama Tsong Khapa's 'The Abbreviated Points of the Graded Path' (Wylie: lam-rim bsdus-don):

Total willingness to give is the wish-granting gem for fulfilling the hopes of wandering beings.
It is the sharpest weapon to sever the knot of stinginess.
It leads to bodhisattva conduct that enhances self-confidence and courage,
And is the basis for universal proclamation of your fame and repute.
Realizing this, the wise rely, in a healthy manner, on the outstanding path
Of (being ever-willing) to offer completely their bodies, possessions, and positive potentials.
The ever-vigilant lama has practiced like that.
If you too would seek liberation,
Please cultivate yourself in the same way.[8]

In Buddhism, giving of alms is the beginning of one's journey to Nirvana (Template:Lang-pi). In practice, one can give anything with or without thought for Nibbana. This would lead to faith (Template:Lang-pi), one key power (Template:Lang-pi) that one should generate within oneself for the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha.

According to the Pali canon:

Of all gifts [alms], the gift of Dhamma is the highest.

— Dhp. chapter 24, verse 354)[a]

Motives for giving

The motives behind giving play an important role in developing spiritual qualities. The suttas record various motives for exercising generosity. For example, the Anguttara Nikaya (A.iv,236) enumerates the following eight motives:[9]

  1. One gives with annoyance, or as a way of offending the recipient, or with the idea of insulting him.
  2. Fear also can motivate a person to make an offering.
  3. One gives in return for a favour done to oneself in the past.
  4. One also may give with the hope of getting a similar favour for oneself in the future.
  5. One gives because giving is considered good.
  6. "I cook, they do not cook. It is not proper for me who cooks not to give to those who do not cook." (i.e. Some give because they are able to do what others cannot.)
  7. Some give alms to gain a good reputation.
  8. Still others give alms to adorn and beautify the mind.
  1. Asajja danam deti
  2. Bhaya danam deti
  3. Adasi me ti danam deti
  4. Dassati me ti danam deti
  5. Sadhu danan ti danam deti
  6. Aham pacami, ime ne pacanti, na arahami pacanto apacantanam adatun ti danam deti
  7. Imam me danam dadato kalyano kittisaddo abbhuggacchati ti danam deti
  8. Cittalankara-cittaparikkarattham danam deti

In support of Buddhist monks

Almsbowl as used by bhikkhus for going on an alms round

In Buddhism, alms or almsgiving is the respect given by a lay Buddhist to a Buddhist monk, nun, spiritually-developed person or other sentient being. It is not charity as presumed by Western interpreters. It is closer to a symbolic connection to the spiritual realm and to show humbleness and respect in the presence of the secular society.[b] The act of alms giving assists in connecting the human to the monk or nun and what he/she represents. As the Buddha has stated:

Householders & the homeless or charity [monastics]
in mutual dependence
both reach the true Dhamma....

— Itivuttaka 4.7[10][c]

In Theravada Buddhism, nuns (Pāli: bhikkhunis) and monks (Pāli: bhikkhus) go on a daily alms round (pindacara) to collect food (piṇḍapāta). This is often perceived as giving the laypeople the opportunity to make merit (Pāli: puñña). Money cannot be accepted by a Theravadan Buddhist monk or nun in lieu of or in addition to food, as the Patimokkha training rules make it an offence worth forfeiture and confession.[11]

In countries that follow Mahayana Buddhism, the practice of a daily alms round has mostly died out. In China, Korea and Japan, local cultures resisted the idea of giving food to 'begging' clerics, and there was no tradition of gaining 'merit' by donating to practitioners. After periods of persecution, monasteries were situated in remote mountain areas in which the distance between the monastery and the nearest towns would make a daily alms round impossible. In Japan, the practice of a weekly or monthly takuhatsu replaced the daily round. In the Himalayan countries, the large number of bhikkhus would have made an alms round a heavy burden on families. Competition with other religions for support also made daily alms rounds difficult and even dangerous; the first Buddhist monks in the Silla dynasty of Korea were said to be beaten due to their minority at the time.[citation needed]

Christianity

Main article: Christianity
St. Clare distributes alms; Tennenbach Codex 4, illustrated before c. 1492

The giving of alms, also known as an offering, is an act of charity toward those less fortunate.[12] In the Apostolic age, Christians were taught that giving alms was an expression of love which was first expressed by God to them in that Jesus sacrificed himself as an act of love for the salvation of believers.[d]

In the majority of Christian forms of worship and denominations, a collection of "tithes and offerings" is given for the support of the church's mission, budget, ministry, and for its relief of the poor, as an important act of Christian charity, united to communal prayer. In some churches the "offering plate" or "offering basket" is placed upon the altar, as a sign that the offering is made to God, and a sign of the bond of Christian love.[e]

In Western Christianity

Collecting the Offering in a Scottish Kirk by John Phillip

The offertory is the traditional moment in Roman Catholic Mass, Lutheran Divine Service, and Anglican Eucharist, when alms are collected. Baptists and Methodists, among other denominations, collect tithes and offerings (alms) during the offertory in church services. A tithe, the first tenth of one's income, is seen as what is owed to God, while an offering (alms) includes anything contributed beyond that.[13][14] Some fellowships practice regular giving for special purposes called "love offerings" for the poor, destitute or victims of catastrophic loss such as home fires or medical expenses. Traditionally, Deacons and Deaconesses are responsible for distributing these gifts among widows, orphans, and others in need. Many Christians support a plethora of charitable organizations not all of which claim a Christian religious affiliation. Many American Educational and Medical Institutions were founded by Christian fellowships giving alms.

In Eastern Christianity

In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the collection of alms and tithes has not been formally united to the offertory in any liturgical action. However, either having a collection plate in the narthex or passing it unobtrusively during the service is not uncommon. In Eastern Orthodox theology, almsgiving is an important part of the spiritual life, and fasting should always be accompanied by increased prayer and almsgiving.[15] Almsgiving in the name of the deceased also frequently accompanies prayer for the dead. Those whose financial circumstances do not permit the giving of monetary alms may give alms in other ways, such as intercessory prayer and acts of mercy.

In the New Testament

In addition, private acts of charity are a duty and only considered virtuous only if not done for others to admire:

Be careful not to do your 'acts of righteousness' in front of others, to be seen by them. If you do, you will have no reward from your Father in heaven.

— Matthew 6:1

The outward and an inward giving of alms; Jesus places the primary focus on the motives behind such acts, which should be love:

Rather, give as alms what is inside, and then everything will be clean for you!

— Luke 11:41
Jesus commends this poor but generous woman.

Giving of the rich versus the poor; Jesus contrasts the giving of the rich and the poor:

He looked up and saw the rich putting their gifts into the treasury. And He saw a poor widow putting in two small copper coins. And He said, 'Truly I say to you, this poor widow put in more than all of them; for they all out of their surplus put into the offering; but she out of her poverty put in all that she had to live on.'

— Luke 21:1–4

Giving out of love and not out of duty:

He will reply, 'I tell you the truth, whatever you did not do for one of the least of these, you did not do for me.'

— Matthew 25:45

Hinduism

Lady giving alms at the Temple, by Raja Ravi Varma, (1848–1906)

Dāna in Hinduism

Main article: Dāna § Hinduism

Dāna (Template:Lang-sa) is an ancient concept of alms-giving dating to the Vedic period of Hinduism.[16] Dāna has been defined in traditional texts as any action of relinquishing the ownership of what one considered or identified as one's own, and investing the same in a recipient without expecting anything in return.[17] While dāna is typically given to one person or family, Hinduism also discusses charity or giving aimed at public benefit, sometimes called utsarga. This aims at larger projects such as building a rest house, school, drinking water or irrigation well, planting trees, and building care facility among others.[18] The practice of begging for alms is called bhiksha (Template:Lang-sa).[19][20]

Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, the 11th century Persian historian, who visited and lived in India for 16 years from about 1017 CE, mentions the practice of charity and almsgiving among Hindus as he observed during his stay. He wrote, "It is obligatory with them (Hindus) every day to give alms as much as possible."[21]

After the taxes, there are different opinions on how to spend their income. Some destin one-ninth of it for alms.[22] Others divide this income (after taxes) into four portions. One fourth is destined for common expenses, the second for liberal works of a noble mind, the third for alms, and the fourth for being kept in reserve.

— Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Tarikh Al-Hind, 11th century AD[21]

Alms-giving is held to be a noble deed in Hinduism, to be done without expectation of any return from those who receive the charity.[17] Some texts reason, referring to the nature of social life, that charity is a form of good karma that affects one's future circumstances and environment, and that good charitable deeds leads to good future life because of the reciprocity principle.[17] Other Hindu texts, such as Vyasa Samhita, state that reciprocity may be innate in human nature and social functions but dāna is a virtue in itself, as doing good lifts the nature of one who gives.[23] The texts do not recommend charity to unworthy recipients or where charity may harm or encourage injury to or by the recipient. Dāna, thus, is a dharmic act, requires idealistic-normative approach, and has spiritual and philosophical context.[17] Some medieval era authors state that dāna is best done with śraddhā (faith), which is defined as being in good will, cheerful, welcoming the recipient of the charity and giving without anasuya (finding faults in the recipient).[24] These scholars of Hinduism, states Kohler, suggest that charity is most effective when it is done with delight, a sense of "unquestioning hospitality", where the dāna ignores the short term weaknesses as well as the circumstances of the recipient and takes a long term view.[24]

Institutional dāna

Satrams, also called Dharamsala or Chathrams in parts of India, have been one means of alms-giving in Hinduism. Satrams are shelters (rest houses) for travellers and the poor, with many serving water and free food. These were usually established along the roads connecting major Hindu temple sites in south Asia, as well as near major temples.[25][26][27] Hindu temples have also served as institutions for alms-giving.[28][29] The dāna the temples received from Hindus were used to feed people in distress as well as fund public projects such as irrigation and land reclamation.[29][30]

Forms of dāna

Forms of alms-giving in Hinduism include:

  1. go dāna, the donation of a cow[31]
  2. bhu dāna (भू दान), the donation of land
  3. vidya dāna or jñāna dāna (विद्या दान, ज्ञान दान), the giving of knowledge and skills
  4. aushadhā dāna, the giving of care for the sick and diseased
  5. abhay dāna, the giving of freedom from fear (asylum, protection to someone facing imminent injury)
  6. anna dāna (अन्ना दान), the giving of food to the poor, needy, and all visitors[32]

Between giving food and giving knowledge, Hindu texts suggest the gift of knowledge is superior.[33][34]

In the Vedas

The Rigveda has the earliest discussion of dāna in the Vedas and offers reasons for the virtue of alms-giving.[35]

The Gods have not ordained hunger to be our death: even to the well-fed man comes death in varied shape,
The riches of the liberal never waste away, while he who will not give finds none to comfort him,
The man with food in store who, when the needy comes in miserable case begging for bread to eat,
Hardens his heart against him, when of old finds not one to comfort him.

Bounteous is he who gives unto the beggar who comes to him in want of food, and the feeble,
Success attends him in the shout of battle. He makes a friend of him in future troubles,
No friend is he who to his friend and comrade who comes imploring food, will offer nothing.

Let the rich satisfy the poor implorer, and bend his eye upon a longer pathway,
Riches come now to one, now to another, and like the wheels of cars are ever rolling,
The foolish man wins food with fruitless labour: that food – I speak the truth – shall be his ruin,
He feeds no trusty friend, no man to love him. All guilt is he who eats with no partaker.

— Rigveda, 10.117[36]

In the Upanishads

The early Upanishads, those composed before 500 BCE, also discuss the virtue of alms-giving. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, in verse 5.2.3 for example, states that three characteristics of a good, developed person are self-restraint (dama), compassion or love for all sentient life (daya), and charity (dāna).[37][38][39] Chandogya Upanishad, Book III, similarly, states that a virtuous life requires: tapas (meditation, asceticism), dāna (charity), arjava (straightforwardness, non-hypocrisy), ahimsa (non-violence, non-injury to all sentient beings) and satyavacana (truthfulness).[40][f][41][42]

In Mahabharata and Puranas

Bhagavad Gita describes the right and wrong forms of dāna in verses 17.20 through 17.22.[43] The Adi Parva of the Hindu Epic Mahabharata, in Chapter 91, states that a person must first acquire wealth by honest means, then embark on charity; be hospitable to those who come to him; never inflict pain on any living being; and share a portion with others whatever he consumes.[44] In the Vana Parva, Chapter 194, the Mahabharata recommends that one must, "conquer the mean by charity, the untruthful by truth, the wicked by forgiveness, and dishonesty by honesty".[45]

The Bhagavata Purana discusses when dāna is proper and when it is improper. In Book 8, Chapter 19, verse 36 it states that charity is inappropriate if it endangers and cripples modest livelihood of one's biological dependents or of one's own. Charity from surplus income above that required for modest living is recommended in the Puranas.[46]

Islam

In Islam, the concept of charitable giving is generally divided into voluntary giving, sadaqah (صدقة), and an obligatory practice, the zakat (الزكاة), governed by a specific set of rules within Islamic jurisprudence, and intended to fulfill a well-defined set of theological and social requirements. For that reason, while zakat plays a much larger role within Islamic charity, sadaqah is possibly a better translation of Christian influenced formulations of the notion of 'alms'.

Zakat

Main article: Zakat

Zakat is the third of the five pillars of Islam.[47][48] The literal meaning of the word zakat is "to purify", "to develop" and "cause to grow". Zakat is the amount of money that every adult, mentally stable, free, and financially able Muslim, male or female, has to pay to support specific categories of people. According to shariah, it is an act of worship. Our possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion for those in need. This cutting back, like the pruning of plants, balances and encourages new growth. Various rules attach but, in general terms, it is obligatory to give 2.5% of one's savings and business revenue and 5–10% of one's harvest to the poor. Possible recipients include the destitute, the working poor, those who are unable to pay off their own debts, stranded travellers and others who need assistance, with the general principle of zakat always being that the rich should pay it to the poor. One of the most important principles of Islam is that all things belong to God and, therefore, wealth is held by human beings in trust.[citation needed]

This category of people is defined in At-Tawbah:

"The alms are only for the poor and the needy, and those who collect them, and those whose hearts are to be reconciled, and to free the captives and the debtors, and for the cause of Allah, and (for) the wayfarers; a duty imposed by Allah. Allah is knower, Wise."

— Qur'an 9:60

The obligatory nature of zakat is firmly established in the Qur'an, the sunnah (or hadith), and the consensus of the companions and the Muslim scholars. Allah states in At-Tawbah:

"O ye who believe! there are indeed many among the priests and anchorites, who in Falsehood devour the substance of men and hinder (them) from the way of Allah. And there are those who bury gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah. announce unto them a most grievous penalty – On the Day when heat will be produced out of that (wealth) in the fire of Hell, and with it will be branded their foreheads, their flanks, and their backs.- "This is the (treasure) which ye buried for yourselves: taste ye, then, the (treasures) ye buried!"

— Qur'an 9:34–35

Muslims of each era have agreed upon the obligatory nature of paying zakat for gold and silver, and from those the other kinds of currency.[49]

Nisab

Main article: Nisab

Zakat is obligatory when a certain amount of money, called the nisab (or minimum amount) is reached or exceeded. Zakat is not obligatory if the amount owned is less than this nisab. The nisab of gold and golden currency is 20 mithqal, approximately 85 grams of pure gold. One mithqal is approximately 4.25 grams. The nisab of silver and silver currency is 200 dirhams, which is approximately 595 grams of pure silver. The nisab of other kinds of money and currency is to be scaled to that of gold; the nisab of money is equivalent to the price of 85 grams of 999-type (pure) gold, on the day in which zakat is paid.[citation needed]

Zakat is obligatory after the money has been in the control of its owner for the span of one lunar year. Then the owner needs to pay 2.5% (or 1/40) of the money as zakat. (A lunar year is approximately 355 days). The owner should deduct any amount of money he or she borrowed from others; then check if the rest reaches the necessary nisab, then pays zakat for it.[citation needed]

If the owner had enough money to satisfy the nisab at the beginning of the year, but his wealth in any form increased, the owner needs to add the increase to the nisab amount owned at the beginning of the year, then pay zakat, 2.5%, of the total at the end of the lunar year. There are minor differences between fiqh schools on how this is to be calculated. Each Muslim calculates his or her own zakat individually. For most purposes, this involves the payment each year of two and a half percent of one's capital.[citation needed]

Sadaqah

Main article: Sadaqah

A pious person may also give as much as he or she pleases as sadaqah, and does so preferably in secret. Although this word can be translated as 'voluntary charity' it has a wider meaning, as illustrated in the hadiths:

The Messenger of Allah said: "Every good is charity. Indeed among the good is to meet your brother with a smiling face, and to pour what is left in your bucket into the vessel of your brother."

— Jamiʽ at-Tirmidhi 27.76, hadith compiled by Al-Tirmidhi[50]

The Prophet said: "Charity is a necessity for every Muslim." He was asked: "What if a person has nothing?" The Prophet replied: "He should work with his own hands for his benefit and then give something out of such earnings in charity." The Companions asked: "What if he is not able to work?" The Prophet said: "He should help poor and needy persons." The Companions further asked "What if he cannot do even that?" The Prophet said "He should urge others to do good." The Companions said "What if he lacks that also?" The Prophet said "He should check himself from doing evil. That is also charity."

— Riyadh as-Salihin 141, hadith compiled by Al-Nawawi[51]

Judaism

Tzedakah

Main article: Tzedakah
Sandstone vestige of a Jewish gravestone depicting a tzedakah box (pushke). Jewish cemetery in Otwock (Karczew-Anielin), Poland.
Tzedakah pouch and gelt (Yiddish for coins/money) on fur-like padding.

In Judaism, tzedakah, a Hebrew term literally meaning righteousness but commonly used to signify "charity", [52] refers to the religious obligation to do what is right and just.[53][g] In the Greek Septuagint tzedakah was sometimes translated as ἐλεημοσύνη, "almsgiving".[54][55]

In Judaism, tzedakah is seen as one of the greatest deeds that a person can do. Tzedakah, along with prayer and repentance, is regarded as ameliorating the consequences of bad acts. Contemporary tzedakah is regarded as a continuation of the Biblical Maaser Ani, or poor-tithe, as well as Biblical practices including permitting the poor to glean the corners of a field, harvest during the Shmita (sabbatical year), and other practices.[citation needed] Jewish farmers are commanded to leave the corners of their fields for the starving to harvest for food and are forbidden to pick up any grain that has been dropped during harvesting, as such food shall be left for the starving as well.[citation needed]

In the Mishneh Torah, Chapter 10:7–14, Maimonides lists eight "laws about giving to poor people" (hilkhot matanot aniyim), listed in order from most to least righteous, with the most righteous form being allowing an individual to become self-sustaining and capable of giving others charity:[56]

  1. Enabling the recipient to become self-reliant.
  2. Giving when neither party knows the other's identity.
  3. Giving when you know the recipient's identity, but the recipient doesn't know your identity.
  4. Giving when you do not know the recipient's identity, but the recipient knows your identity.
  5. Giving before being asked.
  6. Giving after being asked.
  7. Giving less than you should, but giving it cheerfully.
  8. Giving begrudgingly.

See also

Look up alms in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Notes

  1. ^ In Pali, this line is: "Sabba danam, Dhamma danam jinati." This line can be found in the Dhammapada, Chapter 24, verse 354. Thanissaro (1997)[57] translates this entire verse as:

    A gift of Dhamma conquers all gifts;
    the taste of Dhamma, all tastes;
    a delight in Dhamma, all delights;
    the ending of craving, all suffering
    & stress.

  2. ^ Indicative of the mutual nature of the almsgiving exchange, in some Theravada countries, if a monk were to refuse alms from someone—a gesture known as "turning over the rice bowl"—this would be interpreted as an act of excommunication of the almsgiver by the monk. An example of such a refusal is the refusal of Buddhist monks to accept offerings by military personnel in military-occupied Myanmar (Mydans, 20 September 2007, NYT).
  3. ^ Almsgiving is also commended by the Buddha in a less prominent way in various other canonical texts such as the Dighajanu Sutta.
  4. ^ James 1:27 (NIV) "Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world."
  5. ^ Compare with Matthew 5:23–24.
  6. ^ Translation: Now Tapas (austerity, meditation), Dāna (charity, alms-giving), Arjava (sincerity, uprightness and non-hypocrisy), Ahimsa (non-violence, don't harm others) and Satya-vacanam (truthfulness), these are the Dakshina (gifts, payment to others) he gives [in life]. – Chandogya Upanishad 3.17.4
  7. ^ "Jews do not practice charity, and the concept is virtually nonexistent in Jewish tradition. Instead of charity, the Jew gives tzedakah, which means 'righteousness' and 'justice.' When the Jew contributes his money, time and resources to the needy, he is not being benevolent, generous or 'charitable.' He is doing what is right and just."

References

  1. ^ "alms". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  2. ^ "alms". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  3. ^ "alms". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d.
  4. ^ Nation, The (2021-09-15). "Ridding Lagos of street beggars and hawkers". The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  5. ^ Nyanatiloka (1980), entry for "dāna". Budsas.org Archived 2007-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Buddha Purnima 2021: Date, significance and importance of the day". The Indian Express. 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  7. ^ Nyanatiloka (1980), entry for "dāna" Budsas.org Archived 2007-02-19 at the Wayback Machine; and, PTS (1921–25), entry for "Puñña" (merit)Uchicago.edu[permanent dead link‍].
  8. ^ Tsongkhapa & Berzin (2001), verse 15.
  9. ^ "Dana: The Practice of Giving". www.accesstoinsight.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  10. ^ Thanissaro (2001).Accesstoinsight.org Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Bhikkhu Pāṭimokkha: The Bhikkhus' Code of Discipline". www.accesstoinsight.org. Archived from the original on 2018-05-16.
  12. ^ "Alms and Almsgiving (in the Bible) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  13. ^ Prince, Derek (1 October 2011). The Promise of Provision: Living and Giving from God's Abundant Supply. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-4412-6328-5.
  14. ^ Claydon, Tony; Clarke, Peter Bernard (2010). God's Bounty?: Papers Read at the 2008 Summer Meeting and the 2009 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-9546809-6-1.
  15. ^ Kallistos (Ware), Bishop; Mary, Mother (1978). The Lenten Triodion. South Canaan PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press (published 2002). pp. 35ff. ISBN 1-878997-51-3.
  16. ^ Shah et al (2013), Soulful Corporations: A Values-Based Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer, ISBN 978-8132212744, page 125, Quote: "The concept of Daana (charity) dates back to the Vedic period. The Rig Veda enjoins charity as a duty and responsibility of every citizen."
  17. ^ a b c d Krishnan & Manoj (2008), Giving as a theme in the Indian psychology of values, in Handbook of Indian Psychology (Editors: Rao et al.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-8175966024, pages 361-382
  18. ^ Sanjay Agarwal (2010), Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India, ASIN B00E0R033S, page 54-62
  19. ^ bhikSA Archived 2015-04-27 at the Wayback Machine Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
  20. ^ Alberto Garcia Gomez et al. (2014), Religious Perspectives on Human Vulnerability in Bioethics, Springer, ISBN 978-9401787352, pages 170-171
  21. ^ a b Alberuni's India (v. 2), Chapter LXVII, On Alms and how a man must spend what he earns Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Columbia University Libraries, London : Kegan Paul, Trübner & Co., (1910), pages 149-150
  22. ^ Al Biruni states that another one-ninth is put into savings/reserve, one-ninth in investment/trade for profits
  23. ^ MN Dutt (1979), The Dharma-shastras at Google Books, Volumes 3, Cosmo Publishers, pages 20-29
  24. ^ a b P Bilimoria et al. (2007), Dana as a Moral Category, in Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges, Volume 1, ISBN 978-0754633013, pages 196-197 with footnotes
  25. ^ KN Kumari (1998), History of the Hindu Religious Endowments in Andhra Pradesh, ISBN 978-8172110857, page 128
  26. ^ Kota Neelima (2012), Tirupati, Random House, ISBN 978-8184001983, pages 50-52; Prabhavati C. Reddy (2014), Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415659970, page 190
  27. ^ Sanctuaries of times past The Hindu (June 27, 2010)
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  29. ^ a b Burton Stein, The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 19 (February, 1960), pp 163-76
  30. ^ Burton Stein (February 4, 1961), The state, the temple and agriculture development, The Economic Weekly Annual, pp 179-187
  31. ^ Padma (1993), The Position of Women in Mediaeval Karnataka, Prasaranga, University of Mysore Press, page 164
  32. ^ Abbe Dubois and Henry Beauchamp (2007), Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, ISBN 978-1602063365, pages 223, 483-495
  33. ^ Maria Heim (2004), Theories of the Gift in South Asia: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Reflections, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415970303, pages xv-xxvi, 141-149 and Chapter 2
  34. ^ The Gift of Knowledge Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine Chitrapur Matha, India
  35. ^ R Hindery, Comparative ethics in Hindu and Buddhist traditions, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 2, Number 1, page 105
  36. ^ The Rig Veda, Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T. H. Griffith (Translator)
  37. ^ PV Kane, Samanya Dharma, History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 2, Part 1, page 5
  38. ^ "major_works in Devanagari script : Sanskrit Documents". sanskritdocuments.org. Archived from the original on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
  39. ^ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Translator: S Madhavananda, page 816, For discussion: pages 814-821
  40. ^ अथ यत्तपो दानमार्जवमहिँसा सत्यवचनमिति ता अस्य दक्षिणाः Source: Chandogya Upanishad (Sanskrit) Archived 2018-05-15 at the Wayback Machine Verse 3.17.4, Wikisource
  41. ^ Robert Hume, Chandogya Upanishad 3.17, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 212-213
  42. ^ Chandogya Upanishad with Shankara Bhashya Ganganath Jha (Translator), pages 165-166
  43. ^ Christopher Key Chapple, The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-1438428420, pages 653-655
  44. ^ M.N. Dutt (Translator), Adi Parva, Chapter XCI, verses 3-4, page 132
  45. ^ MN Dutt (Translator), Vana Parva, Chapter CXCIV, verse 6, page 291
  46. ^ Agarwal, Sanjay (2010). Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India. p. 43. ASIN B00E0R033S.
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  49. ^ Mufti, Imam. "The Third Pillar of Islam: Compulsory Charity". www.islamreligion.com. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
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  55. ^ Kohler, Kaufmann. Alms. Retrieved November 26, 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  56. ^ "Maimonides' Eight Levels of Charity - Mishneh Torah, Laws of Charity, 10:7–14". www.chabad.org. Archived from the original on 2016-08-07.
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Bibliography

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