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Mohs scale

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Open wooden box with ten compartments, each containing a numbered mineral specimen.
Mohs hardness kit, containing one specimen of each mineral on the ten-point hardness scale

The Mohs scale of mineral hardness (/moʊz/) is a qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.

The scale was created in 1822 by German geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs; it is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science, some of which are more quantitative.[1][2]

The method of comparing hardness by observing which minerals can scratch others is of great antiquity, having been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise On Stones, c. 300 BC, followed by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia, c. AD 77.[3][4][5] The Mohs scale is useful for identification of minerals in the field, but is not an accurate predictor of how well materials endure in an industrial setting – toughness.[6]

Use

Despite its lack of precision, the Mohs scale is relevant for field geologists, who use the scale to roughly identify minerals using scratch kits. The Mohs scale hardness of minerals can be commonly found in reference sheets.

Mohs hardness is useful in milling. It allows assessment of which kind of mill will best reduce a given product whose hardness is known.[7] The scale is used at electronic manufacturers for testing the resilience of flat panel display components (such as cover glass for LCDs or encapsulation for OLEDs).

The Mohs scale has been used to evaluate the hardness of smartphone screens. Most modern smartphone displays use Gorilla Glass that scratches at level 6 with deeper grooves at level 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness.[8][9]

Minerals

The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly. The samples of matter used by Mohs are all different minerals. Minerals are chemically pure solids found in nature. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. As the hardest known naturally occurring substance when the scale was designed, diamonds are at the top of the scale. The hardness of a material is measured against the scale by finding the hardest material that the given material can scratch, or the softest material that can scratch the given material. For example, if some material is scratched by apatite but not by fluorite, its hardness on the Mohs scale would fall between 4 and 5.[10]

"Scratching" a material for the purposes of the Mohs scale means creating non-elastic dislocations visible to the naked eye. Frequently, materials that are lower on the Mohs scale can create microscopic, non-elastic dislocations on materials that have a higher Mohs number. While these microscopic dislocations are permanent and sometimes detrimental to the harder material's structural integrity, they are not considered "scratches" for the determination of a Mohs scale number.[11]

The Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum. The table below shows the comparison with the absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer, with pictorial examples.[12][13]

Mohs hardness Mineral Chemical formula Absolute hardness[14] Image
1 Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 1
2 Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O 2
3 Calcite CaCO3 14
4 Fluorite CaF2 21
5 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH−,Cl−,F−) 48
6 Orthoclase feldspar KAlSi3O8 72
7 Quartz SiO2 100
8 Topaz Al2SiO4(OH−,F−)2 200
9 Corundum Al2O3 400
10 Diamond C 1500

On the Mohs scale, a streak plate (unglazed porcelain) has a hardness of approximately 7.0. Using these ordinary materials of known hardness can be a simple way to approximate the position of a mineral on the scale.[15]

Intermediate hardness

The table below incorporates additional substances that may fall between levels:[16]

Hardness Substance or mineral
0.2–0.3 caesium, rubidium
0.5–0.6 lithium, sodium, potassium, candle wax
1 talc
1.5 gallium, strontium, indium, tin, barium, thallium, lead, graphite, ice[17]
2 hexagonal boron nitride,[18] calcium, selenium, cadmium, sulfur, tellurium, bismuth, gypsum
2–2.5 halite (rock salt), fingernail,[19] mica[20]
2.5–3 gold, silver, aluminium, zinc, lanthanum, cerium, jet
3 calcite, copper, arsenic, antimony, thorium, dentin, chalk[21]
3.5 platinum
4 fluorite, iron, nickel
4–4.5 ordinary steel
5 apatite (tooth enamel), zirconium, palladium, obsidian (volcanic glass)
5.5 beryllium, molybdenum, hafnium, glass, cobalt
6 orthoclase, titanium, manganese, germanium, niobium, uranium
6–7 fused quartz, iron pyrite, silicon, ruthenium, iridium, tantalum, opal, peridot, tanzanite, rhodium, jade, garnet,[21] pyrite[21]
7 osmium, quartz, rhenium, vanadium
7.5–8 emerald, beryl, zircon, tungsten, spinel
8 topaz, cubic zirconia, hardened steel, spinel[22]
8.5 chrysoberyl, chromium, silicon nitride, tantalum carbide
9 corundum (includes sapphire and ruby), tungsten carbide, titanium nitride, aluminium oxide,[21] bedrock (hardest)
9–9.5 silicon carbide (carborundum), tantalum carbide, zirconium carbide, alumina, beryllium carbide, titanium carbide, aluminum boride, boron carbide.[a][23][24]
9.5–near 10 boron, boron nitride, rhenium diboride (a-axis),[25] stishovite, titanium diboride, moissanite (crystal form of silicon carbide), boron carbide[21]
10 diamond, carbonado

Comparison with Vickers scale

Comparison between Mohs hardness and Vickers hardness:[26]

Mineral
name 		Hardness (Mohs) Hardness (Vickers)
(kg/mm2)
Graphite 1–2 VHN10 = 7–11
Tin 1.5 VHN10 = 7–9
Bismuth 2–2.5 VHN100 = 16–18
Gold 2.5 VHN10 = 30–34
Silver 2.5 VHN100 = 61–65
Chalcocite 2.5–3 VHN100 = 84–87
Copper 2.5–3 VHN100 = 77–99
Galena 2.5 VHN100 = 79–104
Sphalerite 3.5–4 VHN100 = 208–224
Heazlewoodite 4 VHN100 = 230–254
Carrollite 4.5–5.5 VHN100 = 507–586
Goethite 5–5.5 VHN100 = 667
Hematite 5–6 VHN100 = 1,000–1,100
Chromite 5.5 VHN100 = 1,278–1,456
Anatase 5.5–6 VHN100 = 616–698
Rutile 6–6.5 VHN100 = 894–974
Pyrite 6–6.5 VHN100 = 1,505–1,520
Bowieite 7 VHN100 = 858–1,288
Euclase 7.5 VHN100 = 1,310
Chromium 8.5 VHN100 = 1,875–2,000

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Carbides of some metals and semi-metals are quite hard (as well as brittle); carbides of tungsten (WC), tantalum (TaC), zirconium (ZrC), beryllium (Be2C), titanium (TiC), silicon (SiC), and boron (B4C) all have Mohs hardness levels between 9 and 10.[23][24]

References

  1. ^ "Mineral gemstones". United States Geological Survey. 18 June 1997. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Mohs scale of hardness". Mineralogical Society of America. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  3. ^ Theophrastus. Theophrastus on Stones. Retrieved 2011-12-10 – via Farlang.com.
  4. ^ Pliny the Elder. "Book 37, Chap. 15". Naturalis Historia. Adamas: Six varieties of it. Two remedies.
  5. ^ Pliny the Elder. "Book 37, Chap. 76". Naturalis Historia. The methods of testing precious stones.
  6. ^ "Hardness". Materials Mechanical Hardness. Non-Destructive Testing Resource Center. Archived from the original on 2014-02-14.
  7. ^ "Size reduction, comminution". Grinding and milling. PowderProcess.net. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  8. ^ iPhone 11 Pro Max Durability Test - Back Glass Scratches? - YouTube
  9. ^ Purdy, Kevin (16 May 2014). "Hardness is not toughness: Why your phone's screen may not scratch, but will shatter". Computerworld. IDG Communications Inc. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  10. ^ American Federation of Mineralogical Societies. "Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness". amfed.org
  11. ^ Geels, Kay. "The True Microstructure of Materials", pp. 5–13 in Materialographic Preparation from Sorby to the Present. Struers A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark - archived Mar 7 2016
  12. ^ Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery What is important about hardness?. galleries.com
  13. ^ Mineral Hardness and Hardness Scales Archived 2008-10-17 at the Wayback Machine. Inland Lapidary
  14. ^ Mukherjee, Swapna (2012). Applied Mineralogy: Applications in Industry and Environment. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 373. ISBN 978-94-007-1162-4.
  15. ^ "Mohs hardness" in Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  16. ^ Samsonov, G.V., ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements". Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements. New York: IFI-Plenum. p. 432. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7. ISBN 978-1-4684-6068-1.
  17. ^ "Ice is a mineral" Archived 2015-10-30 at the Wayback Machine in Exploring Ice in the Solar System. messenger-education.org
  18. ^ Berger, Lev I. (1996). Semiconductor Materials (First ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0849389122.
  19. ^ "Mohs Hardness Scale: Testing the Resistance to Being Scratched". geology.com.
  20. ^ "mica | Structure, Properties, Occurrence, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Reade Advanced Materials - Mohs' Hardness (Typical) of Abrasives". www.reade.com. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  22. ^ "Mohs Hardness Scale: Testing the Resistance to Being Scratched". geology.com. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  23. ^ a b "Material hardness tables". www.tedpella.com. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  24. ^ a b "Hardness table" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  25. ^ Levine, Jonathan B.; Tolbert, Sarah H.; Kaner, Richard B. (2009). "Advancements in the search for superhard ultra-incompressible metal borides" (PDF). Advanced Functional Materials. 19 (22): 3526–3527. doi:10.1002/adfm.200901257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  26. ^ Ralph, Jolyon. "Welcome to mindat.org". mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. Retrieved April 16, 2017.

Further reading

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