Jump to content

Severn Bridge

Coordinates: 51°36′33″N 02°38′18″W / 51.60917°N 2.63833°W / 51.60917; -2.63833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Revirvlkodlaku (talk | contribs) at 21:44, 2 November 2021 (→top). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Wye Bridge" redirects here. For other uses, see Wye Bridge (disambiguation).
This article is about the 1966 road bridge across the Rivers Severn and Wye between Wales and England. For the 1996 road bridge downstream of it, see Second Severn Crossing. For other uses, see Severn Bridge (disambiguation).

Severn Bridge
The Severn Bridge seen from Aust Beach (England)
Coordinates51°36′33″N 02°38′18″W / 51.60917°N 2.63833°W / 51.60917; -2.63833
CarriesM48 motorway (4 lanes)
National Cycle Route 4 (shared cycle path and footway)[1]
CrossesRiver Severn
River Wye
LocaleSouth West England / South East Wales
Maintained byHighways England[2][3]
Heritage statusGrade I listed
Characteristics
DesignSuspension bridge
Total length0.99 mi (1.6 km)
Height445 ft (136 m)
Longest span3,240 ft (988 m)
Clearance below154 ft (47 m)[4]
History
ArchitectFreeman Fox and Partners in association with Mott, Hay and Anderson, consulting architect Sir Percy Thomas[5]
Constructed byJohn Howard & Co., Sir William Arrol & Co., Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company and Dorman Long
Opened8 September 1966
Statistics
Daily trafficBetween 17,155 and 17,828
(2003–2008)[6]
TollFree
Location
Map

The Severn Bridge (Template:Lang-cy) is a motorway suspension bridge that spans the River Severn between South Gloucestershire in England and Monmouthshire in South East Wales. It is the original Severn road crossing between England and Wales, and took three and a half years to build,[7] at a cost of £8 million.[8] It replaced the 137-year-old Aust Ferry.

The bridge was opened in 1966 by Queen Elizabeth II.[9] For thirty years, the bridge carried the M4 motorway. It was granted Grade I listed status in 1999.[10]

Following the completion of the Prince of Wales Bridge, the section of motorway from Olveston in England to Magor in Wales was designated the M48.

History

Construction of the Severn Bridge

The first proposal for a bridge across the Severn, approximately in the same location as that eventually constructed, was in 1824 by Thomas Telford, who had been asked to advise on how to improve mail coach services between London and Wales. No action was taken, and over the next few decades the railways became the dominant mode of long-distance travel, with the Severn Railway Bridge at Sharpness being opened in 1879 and the main line Severn Tunnel in 1886.[11]

The growth of road traffic in the early 20th century led to further calls for improvements, and in the early 1920s Chepstow Urban District Council convened a meeting of neighbouring local authorities to consider a Severn crossing to ease congestion and delays on the A48 passing through the town. In 1935 Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire County Councils jointly promoted a Parliamentary Bill to obtain powers to build the bridge over the estuary, with 75% of costs to be met by the Ministry of Transport from the Road Fund. The bill was rejected by Parliament after opposition from the Great Western Railway Company.[12]

After the Second World War, plans began to be made for a nationally funded network of trunk roads, including a Severn Bridge, for which the contract was awarded to Mott, Hay and Anderson, with Freeman Fox and Partners. The public inquiry into the scheme was held on 24 September 1946 at Bristol University.[13] Because Government funding was prioritised for the similar Forth Road Bridge (opened in 1964), construction of the Severn Bridge was not started until 1961: the UK government announced in 1962 that construction costs would be recovered by a toll of 2s 6d (£0.125) on all vehicle crossings, though walking or cycling across the bridge would be charge-free.[13] The substructure was completed by contractors John Howard and Co in 1963. The superstructure contract was awarded to Associated Bridge Builders Ltd (a joint venture of Sir William Arrol & Co., Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company and Dorman Long) in 1963, and completed in 1966.[14]

The bridge has been featured in several promotions.[15]

In January 1977, it was announced that bridge traffic would be restricted to a single lane in each direction following the discovery of several weaknesses in the ten-year-old structure.[16] The lane closures would last for several months.[17]

The Severn Bridge crossing was strengthened and resurfaced in the late 1980s as the weight of traffic grew. The work included the strengthening of the Severn Bridge towers and deck, an extension to the Wye Bridge towers and the replacement of the original single stays with two stays. The open structure of the new stays is designed to facilitate maintenance. Most of the strengthening work was inside the deck box and towers and so is not visible. Design of the strengthening was by Flint & Neill.[18] The surfacing is a 35 mm (1+3⁄8 in) thick layer of mastic asphalt over an acrylic waterproofing membrane.

During its 40th year of operation in 2006, the bridge was inspected to check for corrosion of the suspension cables. According to the Highways Agency,[19] the inspection concluded that the bridge needed restrictions on heavy goods vehicles.[20] Such vehicles are now restricted to one lane on the bridge, with weight restriction signs in place. A system of rubber casing on the cables with dry air circulation, as used on the Forth Road Bridge, was installed in 2007–2009 in a move to halt the progress of the corrosion.[21]

The bridge is also home to Severn Bridge parkrun, one of the many free, weekly 5k runs held in both the UK and internationally.

From left to right: Wye Bridge, Beachley Viaduct, Severn Bridge and Aust Viaduct
Wye bridge (left) and Severn bridge (right), seen from the southwest

Component structures

The Severn Bridge crossing consists of four structures, which, in order from England to Wales, are: the Aust Viaduct, Severn Bridge, Beachley Viaduct and Wye Bridge. In 1998 the Severn Bridge and Aust Viaduct were given Grade I listed status,[10] and the Beachley Viaduct (eastern/English end) of the Wye Bridge[22] and the western/Welsh end of the Wye Bridge received Grade II listed status.[23]

Aust Viaduct

The 514 ft (157 m) Aust Viaduct is a twin box girder structure with a concrete deck,[10] which carries the roadway from the top of Aust Cliff to the first gravity anchorage of the old Severn Bridge. The roadway is then carried over the top of the concrete anchorage to the Severn Bridge.

Severn Bridge

The Severn Bridge

The Severn Bridge is located close to the former Aust Ferry. The bridge is a suspension bridge of conventional design, with the deck supported by two main cables slung between two steel towers. In 1966 the cables supporting the bridge deck were spun from 18,000 miles (29,000 km) of wire.[13] The main cables are each made up of 8,322 individual 5 mm (3⁄16 in) wires.[24] An unusual feature of the suspension cables carrying the deck is that they are not vertical, as for most suspension bridges, but rather arranged in a zig-zag fashion, with adjacent mounts closely spaced. The triangulation this offers is an attempt to reduce vibration, as is the use of Stockbridge dampers on the cables. The bridge is 5,240 ft (1,600 m) long, consisting of a 3,240 ft (988 m) central span between the towers and the two 1,000 ft (305 m) side spans. The towers rise to 445 ft (136 m) above mean high water and are of hollow box construction.[25] The deck is an orthotropic steel box girder of aerofoil shape with cantilevered cycle tracks and footway supported from the box. The shape of the bridge was determined by the designers Freeman, Fox and Partners following wind tunnel tests for the Forth Road Bridge, after the original wind tunnel model was accidentally destroyed. The sections of the deck were built at Fairfield-Mabey in Chepstow, and each 132 tonne section was then floated down the river before being hoisted into position.[26]

Beachley Viaduct

Beachley Viaduct stretching over Beachley Barracks. The Wye Bridge is in the background

The 2,444 ft (745 m) Beachley Viaduct is of a box girder construction similar to that of the Severn Bridge but is supported on steel trestles as it crosses the Beachley peninsula over the British Army camp, Beachley Barracks, that is home to 1st Battalion, The Rifles.[27][28] In November 2016 the Ministry of Defence announced that the site would close in 2027.[29]

Wye Bridge

The Wye Bridge

The Wye Bridge (Template:Lang-cy) is a 1,340 ft (408 m) long cable-stayed bridge, which crosses the border marked by the River Wye between England and Wales, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Chepstow. It consists of a single large cable stayed section with two single-leg pylons supporting the bridge deck from the centre of the roadway. The deck is an orthotropic box girder similar to the Severn Bridge but has a different appearance as it has two sets of cable stays on each of two towers. Originally there was only one set of cable stays but these were replaced during the strengthening works. The Wye Bridge was built by Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company.[14]

Tolls

The toll was collected on the English side, but only for vehicles travelling westwards from England to Wales. This led some people to describe it as a "tax on entering Wales", both in jest and also as a more serious anti-toll campaign.[30] Originally, tolls were charged in both directions, but the arrangements were changed in the early 1990s to eliminate the need for a set of toll booths for each direction of travel and the potential for traffic waiting to pay the toll backing up onto the bridge itself.

The westbound carriageway toll collection area, later demolished, on the M48 motorway, shown in 2006

Shortly after the opening of the Severn Bridge, Welsh poet Harri Webb wrote an Ode on the Severn Bridge:[31]

Two lands at last connected
Across the waters wide
And all the tolls collected
On the English side

In 1966, the toll for using the new motorway crossing was set at 2s 6d (post-decimalisation equivalent £0.125) for all vehicles apart from solo motorcycles which enjoyed a reduced toll of 1s (£0.05).[32] For a small car the bridge toll represented a saving of 7s (£0.35) on the price of the ferry crossing, at that time 9s 6d (£0.475).[32] By 1989, the toll had reached £2 each way for goods vehicles with an unladen weight over 1,525 kg (3,362 lb) and passenger vehicles adapted to carry more than 16 passengers, and £1 each way for other vehicles.[33] If the Severn toll had increased in line with general inflation since September 1966, when Queen Elizabeth II opened the bridge, the original value of £0.125 would have reached £2.19 in each direction (or £4.38 as it is just a one-way toll) as of 2016.[34]

In the 2016 United Kingdom budget George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced that toll charges on the Severn crossings would be halved in 2018.[35] The Welsh Liberal Democrats leader Kirsty Williams called the cut "pathetic" and said, "The Chancellor is cynically acting as if he is doing commuters a favour, but the fact is that he wants to keep this unfair tax on entering Wales." The toll was due to be cut to £5.40 in 2017[35] but actually increased further.[36]

In July 2017, the Welsh Secretary, Alun Cairns, announced that tolls would be abolished by the end of 2018, claiming that this would boost the South Wales economy by around £100m a year.[37] In September 2017, Cairns confirmed that tolls would be reduced in January 2018 when VAT is removed.[38] In October 2018 he said that the Severn Bridge tolls would cease on 17 December 2018.[39]

On the bridge walkway, looking towards Wales

On 17 December 2018, all toll lanes were permanently closed, officially marking the start of a toll-free journey into Wales for the first time since the bridge's construction. During the removal process of the toll booths, traffic was directed through a temporary three-lane layout, directly through the centre of the former toll lanes. These lanes were narrower than usual, resulting in a 50 mph speed limit being enforced. On 25 March 2019, a newly resurfaced road structure was opened, moving traffic flow from the centre of the former toll lanes to the right-hand side, directly next to eastbound traffic. This will allow for further work to remove any remaining toll infrastructure to the left of the new road layout.[40]

History of charges

The Severn Estuary
the Severn Bridge and the Second Severn Crossing

Category 1: passenger vehicles up to 9 seats
Category 2: commercial vehicles up to 3,500 kg and buses up to 17 seats
Category 3: commercial vehicles over 3,500 kg

Category 1 2 3
26 April 1992 £2.80 £5.60 £8.40
1 January 1993 £3.10 £6.20 £9.30
1 January 1994 £3.40 £6.80 £10.10
1 January 1995 £3.70 £7.40 £11.10
1 January 1996 £3.80 £7.70 £11.50
1 January 1997 £3.90 £7.80 £11.70
1 January 1998 £4.00 £8.10 £12.10
1 January 1999 £4.20 £8.40 £12.50
1 January 2000 £4.20 £8.50 £12.70
1 January 2001 £4.40 £8.70 £13.10
1 January 2002 £4.40 £8.90 £13.30
1 January 2003 £4.50 £9.00 £13.50
1 January 2004 £4.60 £9.30 £13.90
1 January 2005 £4.80 £9.60 £14.30
1 January 2006 £4.90 £9.80 £14.70
1 January 2007 £5.10 £10.20 £15.30
1 January 2008 £5.30 £10.60 £15.90
1 January 2009[41] £5.40 £10.90 £16.30
1 January 2010[41] £5.50 £10.90 £16.40
1 January 2011[42] £5.70 £11.50 £17.20
1 January 2012[43] £6.00 £12.10 £18.10
1 January 2013[44] £6.20 £12.40 £18.60
1 January 2014[45] £6.40 £12.80 £19.20
1 January 2015[46] £6.50 £13.10 £19.60
1 January 2016[47] £6.60 £13.20 £19.80
1 January 2017[36] £6.70 £13.40 £20.00
8 January 2018[38] £5.60 £11.20 £16.70
17 December 2018 Free

Ownership

Ownership and operation of the bridge passed to Severn River Crossing plc on 26 April 1992 as part of the deal to build the Second Severn Crossing.[48]

As of November 2010, Severn River Crossing plc was owned

  • 35% John Laing, British developer infrastructure operator
  • 35% Vinci, French concessions and construction company
  • 15% Bank of America, American multinational banking and financial services corporation
  • 15% Barclays Capital, British multinational investment bank[49]

The company's 2011 annual report showed the same companies still owned, through subsidiary companies, all the issued ordinary share capital of the Plc.[50]

Ownership of the bridge and the Second Severn Crossing returned to the UK government on 8 January 2018 when the revenue required to build and maintain them, as defined in a Concession Agreement with the Secretary of State for Transport, had been collected.[50][51] In 2010, the concession was expected to end in 2017.[52] In 2012, changes were made to the agreement to reflect the effect of changes in VAT and Corporation Tax and the costs of installing credit card handling systems. The net effect was to increase the required revenue from £995.83 million to £1,028.91 million in 1989 prices.[49][53]

Monuments and plaques

  • Plaque to commemorate the men who lost their lives in building the bridge
    Plaque to commemorate the men who lost their lives in building the bridge
  • Monument showing the architects and constructors etc. of the bridge
    Monument showing the architects and constructors etc. of the bridge
  • The bridge won a Civic Trust Award in 1968
    The bridge won a Civic Trust Award in 1968
  • The bridge was dedicated to peace as part of the Sri Chinmoy Peace-Blossoms programme in 1991[54]
    The bridge was dedicated to peace as part of the Sri Chinmoy Peace-Blossoms programme in 1991[54]

Bridge status

On 6 February 2009, during a week of snowfall throughout Britain, both Severn bridges were closed simultaneously due to ice falling from the bridge structure and damaging vehicles.[55] On 22 December 2009, both bridges were closed again for the same reason.[56]

A privately developed app called Enviroute provides the status of both bridges.[57][58] The original Severn Bridge status website, www.severnbridge.co.uk, was decommissioned in December 2018 following the removal of the tolls and the handing back of the first bridge to the UK government.

See also

References

  1. ^ "the OpenStreetMap Cycle Map". OpenCycleMap.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  2. ^ "Highways England network management" (PDF). gov.uk. Highways England. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  3. ^ "Severn Bridges will be owned by the government from tomorrow as tolls to be scrapped in 2018". Bristol Post. Trinity Mirror. 7 January 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  4. ^ "Severn Bridge". 8 June 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  5. ^ Historic England. "Severn Bridge and Aust Viaduct, First Severn Crossing (1119760)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  6. ^ "The Impact of the Severn Tolls on the Welsh Economy" (PDF). Welsh Government. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Construction cost". M48 Severn Bridge – Closures to Install Cable Drying. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  9. ^ "Celebrating Her Majesty's service to engineering". Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  10. ^ a b c Historic England. "Severn Bridge and Aust Viaduct First Severn Crossing (Grade I) (1119760)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  11. ^ Walker, Thomas A. (27 June 2013). The Severn Tunnel: Its Construction and Difficulties, 1872–1887. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108063401. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ a b c Bladon, Stuart (2 September 1966). Smith, Maurice A. (ed.). "Bridge over the River Severn". Autocar. 125. Vol. nbr 3681. pp. 474–478.
  14. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ Thomas, Huw. "Singer Amy Wadge performs 262ft above Severn Bridge". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  16. ^ "The Severn Crossing in England, the United Kingdom". IIW-XIII-WG5 Repair of fatigue loaded welded structures. International Institute of Welding. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  17. ^ "MotorWeek: News flashes". Motor. 22 January 1977. p. 3.
  18. ^ "Danish Firm Builds Bridges with Acquisition of UK Engineers". Clearwater International. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2018. Consulting and structural engineers Flint & Neill – the company which designed and supervised the strengthening of the Severn Bridge and is currently part of the new Forth Bridge design team – has been acquired by the leading Danish consulting group COWI.
  19. ^ "Possible restrictions for M48 Severn Bridge". Highways Agency. 29 September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  20. ^ "HGVs curbed on old Severn Bridge". BBC News. 29 September 2006. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  21. ^ "Severn Bridge's corrosion problem". BBC News. 7 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  22. ^ Historic England. "Wye Bridge and Beachley Viaduct, First Severn Crossing (Grade II) (1119761)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  23. ^ Cadw. "Wye Bridge (M48 Viaduct) (Grade II) (19923)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. ^ "Severn Bridge" (PDF). Chepstow Council. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  27. ^ Historic England. "Wye Bridge and Beachley Viaduct, First Severn Crossing (Grade II) (19923)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  28. ^ "The Rifles - Regimental overview". British Army. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  29. ^ "A Better Defence Estate" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  30. ^ "Road toll activist calls on Zeta". The Western Mail. 31 August 2004. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  31. ^ "Lords Hansard Text". UK Parliament Publications & Records. 17 February 1999. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  32. ^ a b "News and views: In Brief". Autocar. 29 July 1966. p. 274.
  33. ^ "The Severn Bridge Tolls Order 1989". Statutory Instrument 1989 No. 1922. Office of Public Sector Information. 28 October 1989. Archived from the original on 9 December 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
  34. ^ Morley, Steven. "Historical UK inflation rates and calculator". Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  35. ^ a b "Budget 2016: Severn bridge tolls to be halved". BBC. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  36. ^ a b "Severn bridge tolls on the rise again for 2017". ITV News. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  37. ^ Slawson, Nicola (21 July 2017). "Severn crossings tolls to be scrapped next year". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Severn Bridge tolls to be reduced in January 2018". BBC News Online. 15 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  39. ^ "Severn tolls to be axed earlier than planned on 17 December". BBC News Online. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  40. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ^ a b "Severn Bridge Tolls" (PDF). Severn River Crossing Plc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  42. ^ "Severn Bridge Tolls" (PDF). Severn River Crossing Plc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  43. ^ "Severn Bridge toll to increase to £6 in January 2012". BBC News. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  44. ^ "Severn Bridge Crossing Toll increase 2013" (PDF). 1 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  45. ^ "Severn bridges toll to increase to £6.40 in January 2014". BBC News. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  46. ^ "Severn Bridge tolls to be increased in January 2015". BBC News. 14 November 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  47. ^ "Severn Bridge tolls to increase in 2016". ITV News. 16 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  48. ^ "Bridge legislation". Severn River Crossing Plc. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  49. ^ a b "The Severn Crossings Toll – Welsh Affairs Committee – Examination of Witnesses". Minutes of Evidence. House of Commons Welsh Affairs Committee. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  50. ^ a b "Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 December 2011". Severn River Crossing Plc. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  51. ^ "Severn Bridge tolls cut for first time". BBC News Online. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  52. ^ "MPs learn Severn Crossing tolls should fall in 2017". BBC News Online. 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  53. ^ "Notice of a meeting of the holders of the £127,500,000 6.125 per cent. index linked debenture stock". Severn River Crossing Plc. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  54. ^ "Peace Blossoms". Sri Chinmoy. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  55. ^ "Severn bridge ice falls close M4". BBC News Online. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  56. ^ "Severn bridges, hit by ice falls, reopen after closures". BBC News Online. 22 December 2009. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  57. ^ "Is the bridge open?". isthebridgeopen.co.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  58. ^ "Fed up driver creates app telling you if the Severn Bridge is open". Gazette Series. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Severn Bridge and M48 Wye Bridge.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Severn_Bridge&oldid=1053261343"