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2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference

Coordinates: 55°51′39″N 4°17′17″W / 55.86085°N 4.28812°W / 55.86085; -4.28812
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2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Date31 October – 12 November 2021 (2021-10-31 – 2021-11-12)
LocationSEC Centre, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Coordinates55°51′39″N 4°17′17″W / 55.86085°N 4.28812°W / 55.86085; -4.28812
Also known asCOP26 (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
CMP16 (Kyoto Protocol)
CMA3 (Paris Agreement)
Organized byUnited Kingdom and Italy
PresidentAlok Sharma
Previous event2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Websiteukcop26.org Edit this at Wikidata

The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as COP26, is the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference. It is being held in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, between 31 October and 12 November 2021, under the presidency of Alok Sharma.[1][2] The conference is the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the third meeting of the parties to the Paris Agreement.

This conference is the first time since COP21 that parties are expected to commit to enhanced ambition towards mitigating climate change. As outlined in the Paris Agreement, parties are required to carry out a process colloquially known as the 'ratchet mechanism' every five years to give new national pledges.[3]

The venue for the conference is the SEC Centre in Glasgow. Originally scheduled for November 2020 at the same venue, the event was postponed for twelve months because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[4]

Background

Presidency

Italian and UK Prime Ministers Giuseppe Conte (left) and Boris Johnson (right) at the launch of COP26 in February 2020

The United Kingdom holds the presidency of COP26. Initially, the Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth, Claire Perry, was appointed as president of the conference, but she was removed on 31 January 2020, several months after she had stepped down as an MP.[5][6] Former Prime Minister David Cameron and former Foreign Secretary William Hague declined to take the role.[7] On 13 February 2020, Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary Alok Sharma was appointed.[8] On 8 January 2021, Sharma was succeeded by Kwasi Kwarteng as Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary and moved to the Cabinet Office, in order to focus on the presidency full-time.[9]

Nigel Topping was appointed as the UK Government's High Level Climate Action Champion for COP26; he is the former CEO of We Mean Business, a climate change action organisation.[10][11]

Italy partnered with the UK in leading COP26. For the most part, their role was in preparatory work such as the hosting of a pre-COP session and an event for young people called Youth4Climate 2020: Driving Ambition. These events took place between 28 September and 2 October 2020 in Milan.[12]

Postponement

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, in April 2020 the conference was postponed to 31 October–12 November 2021.[4][13] Both host countries, Italy and the UK, were heavily affected by the pandemic, and the venue of the conference, the SEC Centre in Glasgow, was converted in May 2020 into a temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in Scotland.[14]

Convention Secretary Patricia Espinosa tweeted that "in light of the ongoing, worldwide effects of COVID-19, holding an ambitious, inclusive, COP26 in November 2020 is not possible."[15] She also indicated that economies restarting would be an opportunity to "shape the 21st century economy in ways that are clean, green, healthy, just, safe and more resilient."[15] The rearranged date was announced in May 2020.[2] Earlier in 2021, the UK and Italy hosted summits of the G7 and G20 respectively.[16]

Independent observers noted that though not directly related, the postponement gave the international community time to respond to the outcome of the United States presidential election, held in November 2020.[17][18] President Donald Trump had withdrawn the United States from the Paris Agreement, although this could not take effect until the day after the election; while his Democratic challengers pledged to immediately rejoin and increase ambition to reduce emissions.[19] Joe Biden did so upon being installed as president.[20] At the conference, Biden apologised for what Trump did.[21]

Sponsors

Previous summits have been sponsored by fossil fuel companies. To reduce this influence, the UK government decided that sponsors "have to have real commitments in place to help them reach net zero in the near future".[22] The first principal partners included three British energy companies and a banking and insurance company.[23]

Location and participation

Scotland First Minister Nicola Sturgeon meets with Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina

Before the summit councils in and around Glasgow pledged to plant 18 million trees during the following decade: the Clyde Climate Forest (CCF) is projected to increase tree coverage in the urban areas of the Greater Glasgow region to 20%.[24]

In September 2021, the conference was urged by Climate Action Network to ensure attendees would be able to attend in spite of travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the months before the conference, the British government had restrictions on travel from certain countries in place, and COVID passports were required in certain venues. Critics suggested unequal deployment of COVID-19 vaccines worldwide could exclude the participation of representatives of poorer countries most affected by climate change.[25][26][27] The UK subsequently relaxed travel rules for delegations.[28] Only four Pacific Islands nations sent delegations due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, with most island nations were forced to send smaller teams than they otherwise would have.[29][30] Organisers have in place numerous COVID-19 rules for attendees, dependent on vaccination status.[31]

On 4 June 2021, a nighttime light projection onto the Tolbooth Steeple was installed, under the ‘Climate Clock’ initiative. The projected Deadline and Lifeline statistics count the time window before 1.5 °C warming would become inevitable, and the percentage of global energy delivered through renewables, respectively.[citation needed] The Scottish Events Campus (SEC), known as the Blue Zone, temporarily became United Nations territory: the other main venue is the Green Zone at Glasgow Science Centre.[32]

The summit was described as receiving "the cleanest electricity in the UK", as 70% was supplied from low-carbon nuclear power from plants in Torness and Hunterston B, while the rest mostly came from wind power.[33]

Attendees

US President Joe Biden at the opening ceremony of the COP26
Attendees on the first day of the conference
Rafael Mariano Grossi, IAEA Director General, met with Damilola Ogunbiyi, CEO and Special Representative of the UNSG for Sustainable Energy for all and Co-Chair on UN Energy

Twenty-five thousand delegates from 200 countries are attending,[34] and around 120 heads of state.[35] Among the attendees were US President Joe Biden, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Emmanuel Macron, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett, Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida,[36] and Indonesian President Joko Widodo.[37] English broadcaster and natural historian David Attenborough, who was named COP26 People's Advocate, spoke at the summit.[38]

Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison spoke.[39] Czech prime minister Andrej Babiš denounced the proposed European Union Fit for 55 laws, saying that the bloc "can achieve nothing without the participation of the largest polluters such as China or the USA".[40]

Prince Charles addressed the opening ceremony in person.[41] The Queen, having been advised to rest by doctors, addressed the conference by video message.[42] Bill Gates called for a 'Green industrial revolution’ to beat the climate crisis. [43]

Non-attendees

In October 2021, China's leader Xi Jinping announced he would not be attending the conference in person[44] and instead delivered a written address as the organisers did not provide an opportunity for a video address.[45] With greenhouse gas emissions by China being the world's largest, Reuters said this made it less likely the conference would result in a significant climate deal.[46] However a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy Xie Zhenhua did attend.[47] The 2021 global energy crisis intensified pressures on China ahead of the summit.[48][49] The prime ministers or heads of state of South Africa, Russia, Iran, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey and the Vatican City did not attend the meeting either.[50][51][52] Russian president Vladimir Putin said his non-attendance was due to concerns relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.[53] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Turkish president, was expected to attend but did not as his security protocol request was rejected.[54] Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi did not attend:[50] a formal request had been made by Struan Stevenson and Iranian exiles of the National Council of Resistance of Iran to the Scotland police, to arrest Raisi for crimes against humanity if he attended based on the legal concept of universal jursidiction.[55][56]

The climate change activist Greta Thunberg criticized the summit at a simultaneous Fridays for Future protest in Glasgow, saying "This COP26 is so far just like the previous COPs and that has led us nowhere. They have led us nowhere."[57][58]

Ratchet mechanism

Under the Paris Agreement, countries submitted pledges called nationally determined contributions, to limit their greenhouse gas emissions. Under the framework of the Paris Agreement, each country is expected to submit enhanced nationally determined contributions every five years, to ratchet up ambition to mitigate climate change.[59] When the Paris Agreement was signed at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, the conference of 2020 was set to be the first ratcheting up. Even though the 2020 conference was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, dozens of countries still had not updated their pledges by early October 2021.[60] Collective progress towards implementation of the Paris Agreement in mitigation, adaptation and finance flows and means of implementation and support will be measured by global stocktakes, the first of which is due to be completed in 2023.[61]

Negotiations

The world leaders' summit was on 1 and 2 November, with each leader giving a national statement.[62]

An important goal of the conference organizers is to keep a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) temperature rise within reach.[63] According to the BBC negotiators who may be key to the dealmaking include Xie Zhenhua, Ayman Shasly, Sheikh Hasina and Teresa Ribera.[64]

China said it aimed to peak CO2 emissions before 2030 and to become carbon neutral by 2060.[65]

Deforestation

Leaders of more than 100 countries with around 85% of the world's forests, agreed to end deforestation by 2030, improving on a similar 2014 agreement by now including Brazil, Indonesia, businesses[66] and more financial resources.[67]

Article 6

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which describes rules for an international carbon market (such as for trees in the deforestation agreement[66]) and other forms of international cooperation, is being discussed as it is the last piece of the rulebook remaining to be finalized.[68][69] Although the parties have agreed in principle to avoid double counting of emission reduction across more than one country's greenhouse gas inventory, exactly how much double counting will actually occur remains unclear.[68] Carrying forward pre-2020 Kyoto carbon credits will be discussed, but is highly unlikely to be agreed.[70] Therefore Article 6 rules could make a big difference to future emissions.[70]

Finance

Climate finance for adaptation and mitigation was one of the principal topics of negotiation.[71] Appointed to the role of Climate Finance Adviser was Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England.[72] The Paris agreement included 100 billion USD annually in finance by 2020 for developing countries.[73] However, wealthy countries failed to live up to that promise, with members of the OECD behind in their commitments and unlikely to reach the agreed amount before 2023.[74] A group of large finance companies committed to net zero portfolios and loan books by 2050.[75]

Coal

South Africa is set to receive $8.5 billion to end its reliance on coal.[76][77] Countries including Chile, Poland, Ukraine, South Korea, Indonesia and Vietnam also agreed to phase out coal in the 2030s for major economies, and the 2040s for poorer nations.[78] These nations include some of the world's most intensive users of coal.[79] However they do not include the world's largest users of the fuel, China, India, and the United States of America.[79]

Methane

The USA and many other countries agreed to limit methane emissions.[80] More than 80 countries signed up to a global methane pledge, agreeing to cut emissions by 30% by the end of the decade. The US and European leaders say tackling the potent greenhouse gas is crucial to keeping warming limited to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F).[81] Australia, China, Russia, India and Iran did not sign the deal, but it is hoped more countries will join later.[67]

Net-zero targets

Many attendees committed to net-zero carbon emissions, with India and Japan making specific commitments at the conference.[82] India, the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide by jurisdiction, set the latest target date planning to be net-zero by 2070.[83][84] Earlier in October, China – the largest emitter of carbon dioxide by jurisdiction – had committed to net-zero carbon emissions by 2060,[85] and it was believed that India would issue a similar commitment.[86] However, this was the first time that a date for carbon neutrality had been given as part of India's climate policy.[87] Green Hydrogen has emerged as one of the major areas where companies can collaborate to help decarbonise hard to abate industries. There were dozens of developments during COP26 showing the importance of hydrogen going forward.[88]

Reception

"Enough blah blah blah" sign – Fridays for Future pre-COP26 Milano, Lombardy, Italy – 1 October 2021

United States president Joe Biden was accused of hypocrisy after it was revealed that he attended the conference in a massive entourage of private cars and had arrived in Glasgow in Air Force One.[89][90] Other leaders travelling to Glasgow in private jets such as UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson were also accused of hypocrisy by commentators and campaigners. Around 400 private jets arrived at Glasgow for the talks, making journeys which could mostly have been completed using scheduled flights. Event planners, however, insisted that the conference would be carbon-neutral.[91]

In October 2021, the BBC reported that a huge leak of documents revealed that Saudi Arabia, Japan and Australia were among countries asking the UN to play down the need to move rapidly away from fossil fuels. It also showed that some wealthy nations (including Switzerland and Australia) were questioning paying more to poorer states to move to greener technologies. The BBC reported that the lobbying raised questions for the COP26 climate summit.[92]

In an interview shortly before the conference, Greta Thunberg, asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded "Nothing has changed from previous years really. The leaders will say 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it."[93] Glasgow made preparations for the largest protests seen in Scotland since anti-Iraq War marches in 2003 from Extinction Rebellion and others.[94] Over two million people are expected to march in solidarity worldwide.[94] Queen Elizabeth II voiced similar concerns in a private conversation overheard via a hot mic, saying "It's really irritating when they talk, but they don't do."[46]

One intended participant, the Israeli energy minister Karine Elharrar, was unable to attend on 1 November due to wheelchair accessibility issues.[95][96]

The sustainability of the COP26 menu was criticised by environmental groups, with almost 60 percent of the menu being meat and dairy based, and dishes labelled as high-carbon being served at food stands.[97]

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