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2022 Philippine general election

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The 2022 Philippine general election will take place on May 9, 2022, for executive and legislative branches of the government – national, provincial, and local, except for the barangay officials.

At the top of the ballot will be the election for successors to Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte (who is limited to a single six-year term) and Vice President Leni Robredo. There will also be elections for Congress, provincial, city and municipal levels.

This will also be the first election in Davao de Oro under that name, as it was renamed from "Compostela Valley" in December 2019 after a successful plebiscite.

The first election to the Bangsamoro Parliament was scheduled to be held on this day too, but was rescheduled to 2025.

Preparation

Date of the election

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines states that unless otherwise provided by law, the election of members of Congress is held on the second Monday of May.[1] According to Republic Act No. 7166, the election for national, provincial, city and municipal positions are held on the second Monday of May, since 1992, and every three years thereafter, with the president and vice president being elected in six-year intervals.[2] It has been three years since the 2019 general election and six years since the 2016 presidential election, and with no law postponing the election to date, this meant that the election is scheduled to be held on May 9, 2022.

House Deputy Majority Leader and representative from Pampanga's 2nd district Mikey Arroyo asked the Commission on Elections on a hearing for the 2021 budget if the election can be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[3] Sherriff Abas, the chairman of the commission, said that it has not entered their minds, that the terms are fixed, adding that they are planning on having the vote done on two days.[4] Arroyo's suggestion drew flak from many people, with former COMELEC commissioner Gregorio Larrazabal saying that if people can visit Boracay and the Manila Bay Beach in October 2020, then they can they vote in May 2022. Foreign Affairs Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. described the suggestion as treasonous.[5] Arroyo later explained that he did not want the election to be postponed immediately, and that it is to be done only as a "last resort".[6]

Abas later explained that postponement of the elections is indeed possible, but only if Congress passes a law doing that, and if it is approved by the people in a plebiscite. The commission has no part in scheduling the election outside from what is mandated by the constitution.[7]

Commission on Elections membership

For this election, all members of the Commission on Elections were appointed by outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte. Chairman Sheriff Abas and commissioners Antonio Kho and Rowena Guanzon will serve until February 2, 2022, or just over three months before the election. Guanzon is the sole remaining commissioner appointed by former president Benigno Aquino III (Abas was appointed by Aquino as commissioner, then was appointed by Duterte as chairman).[8]

In September 2020, Duterte appointed lawyer Michael Peloton as commissioner, filling in for the seat vacated by Luie Tito Guia's retirement. As this was a regular appointment as opposed to an ad interim one made when Congress is in recess, Peloton has to be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments before he can take office.[9] In November, Duterte appointed Davao del Norte election supervisor Aimee Ferolino Ampoloquio to the seat vacated by Al Parreño.[10]

By October 2020, there were reports that Duterte will appoint the Melvin Matibag, the secretary-general of the PDP–Laban faction preferred by the former, as chairman. Matibag denied he knows about him in talks in being appointed as chairman.[11]

Voter registration

Voter registration began on January 20, 2020, and was scheduled to end on September 30, 2021. The commission expects 4.3 million eligible voters to register. Registration was suspended in some areas in Cavite, Laguna and Batangas due to the Taal Volcano eruption, and in Makilala, Cotabato due to an earthquake.[12] However, even before registration for 2022 opened, many other voters enrolled early between August 1 and September 30, 2019, ahead of the barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections initially scheduled for May 11, 2020, but were eventually postponed after the general election to December 5, 2022.[13][14]

On March 10, the commission suspended voter registration in the entire country due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.[15] By June, the commission announced its initial resumption on July 1.[16] However, the commission suspended voter registration anew up to August 31.[17] The commission later stated on August 15 that voter registration would resume on September 1 in areas under general community quarantine (GCQ) or modified general community quarantine (MGCQ). Areas under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) and modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) will have their registration suspended.[18]

Registration in the province of Palawan was also suspended due to the plebiscite to divide it into three provinces on March 13, 2021.[19] The plebiscite was originally set on May 11, 2020, but was rescheduled due to the pandemic.[20][21]

In some areas, almost eight months of voter registration were lost due to lockdowns.[22] There were calls to extend voter registration after September 30, 2021, but the commission rejected this, saying that this will delay other election-related activities.[23] The commission instead allowed voter registration to continue in areas under modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) starting on September 6, with longer hours, and even in malls.[24]

With barely a week before registration closed, the Senate passed a bill on second reading extending registration for another month.[25] The House of Representatives likewise passed a similar bill days later, also on second reading.[26] Earlier, both chambers separately passed resolutions urging the commission to extend registration,[27] while the Senate threatened to cut the commission's 2022 budget if registration is not extended.[28] On the eve of the end of registration, Sheriff Abas announced that they approved extending registration from October 11 to 30 for voters in the Philippines, and from October 1 to 14 for overseas voters.[29] On the same day, President Duterte signed into law extending registration for 30 days from when it is made effective.[30]

After extended registration ended, the commission announced that 400,000 people registered in October.[31]

Election automation and logistics

Representative from Camarines Sur Luis Raymund Villafuerte proposed to use a hybrid electoral system in 2022, or manual counting of votes, then electronic transmission of results. This is in contrast to the automated counting and transmission system used since 2010. He cited 40 lawsuits on the current system used by the Commission on Elections as evidence to shift away from automated counting of votes.[32] President Rodrigo Duterte has suggested junking Smartmatic as the automation partner for future elections because of problems from the previous election.[33] However, Smartmatic still wants to participate in the future.[34] In May 2021, the commission awarded the contract to conduct automated elections, specifically the software that will be used in the voting machines to Smartmatic.[35] Days later, the commission defended their decision, saying that Smartmatic was chosen legitimately.[36]

By August, the commission awarded to F2 Logistics, a logistics company associated with Dennis Uy, a known associate of President Duterte, the logistics administration of the election.[37] Former elections commissioner Gus Lagman said that the awarding of the contract to F2 Logistics is a "conflict of interest," as Uy donated to Duterte's 2016 presidential campaign.[38] The commission again defended their decision, saying that the deal with F2 Logistics is "legal and valid."[39]

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines

In April 2020, COMELEC Commissioner Rowena Guanzon has proposed voting by mail as an option in the elections, mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[40] By May 2021, Commissioner Antonio Kho Jr. said that voting hours will be extended, as the eight-hour timeframe given for previous elections cannot be used any longer. As for voting in multiple days, Kho said that only a law passed by Congress will allow that to happen.[41]

Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri, in a privilege speech, disclosed that he commissioned a Pulse Asia survey on July 2021 which said that 46% of voters will not vote if COVID-19 cases in their barangay is high on election day, with 35% willing to vote and 19% undecided. Zubiri questioned if the public will accept the results if less than majority of the voters turned out to vote.[42]

Postponement of the Bangsamoro Parliament election

Main article: 2025 Bangsamoro Parliament election

In November 2020, the 80-person Bangsamoro Parliament passed a resolution urging Congress to extend the transition from June 2022 to 2025. If Congress agrees, no election shall be held.[43] By July 2021, senator Juan Miguel Zubiri said that postponing the Bangsamoro election to 2025 is likely.[44] In September, the Senate passed a bill postponing the election to 2025.[45] A few days later, the House of Representatives passed their own version of the bill.[46] As the two bills are different, it had to be reconciled before being sent to the President Duterte for his signature.[47] Conference committee approved the Senate version, giving the winner of the 2022 presidential election the power of appointing the next transitional parliament.[48] Duterte then signed the bill into law, postponing the election to 2025.[49]

Electoral system

Main article: Elections in the Philippines

In the Philippines, congressional and local elections, excluding regional and barangay levels, have been synchronized to be held on the second Monday of May every three years, starting in 1992. Presidents and vice presidents have six-year terms, so these are only elected on even-numbered years (1992, 1998, and so on). On election days where there the presidency is not on the ballot, these are called midterm elections, and occur on odd-numbered years (1995. 2001, and so on).

Every position has a separate ballot question, and is voted separately. Since 2010, general elections have been automated, and voters have to shade the oval of the candidate nearest to their choice.[50] For executive positions, it is done via the first-past-the-post voting system, where the voter has one choice. For senatorial positions, it is via multiple non-transferable vote, where the voter has x number of choices depending on the number of seats up for election (12 in the case of the Senate). For congressional and party-list elections, the voter has one choice, and is done via a modified party-list proportional representation system.[51]

Elections are organized, run, and adjudicated by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), an independent governmental body, with appeals under certain conditions allowed to the Regional Trial Courts, the Congress of the Philippines, or the Supreme Court of the Philippines sitting as the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, the Senate Electoral Tribunal, or the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.

Calendar

This is the latest published calendar by the commission:[52]

Date(s) Time Activity
January 20–March 9, 2020 Voter registration
March 10–August 31, 2020 Suspension of voter registration nationwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic
September 1–28, 2021 Holding of political conventions
September 1, 2020–September 30, 2021 Resumption of voter registration
October 1–8, 2021 Filing of certificates of candidacies
October 1–14, 2021 Extension of voter registration for overseas voters[29]
October 11–30, 2021 Extension of voter registration for voters in the Philippines[29]
October 29, 2021 Commission to post tentative list of candidates
November 15, 2021 Deadline in substituting a candidate for it to appear on the ballot
January 9–June 8, 2022 Election period
  • Prohibition on carrying and usage of firearms
  • Prohibition on suspending from office of local elective officials
February 8–May 7, 2022 Campaign period for nationally-elected positions
March 25–May 7, 2022 Campaign period for locally-elected positions
April 10–May 9, 2022 Voting for overseas voters
April 14–15, 2022 Prohibition on campaigning (Maundy Thursday and Good Friday)
April 27–29, 2022 Voting for local absentee voters in the Philippines
May 8, 2022 Election silence
  • Prohibition on campaigning
  • Prohibition on consumption of liquor
May 9, 2022 All day
TBD Election day; voting for non-absentee voters in the Philippines
Mid-day Deadline in substituting a candidate, with the substituting candidate must have the same surname
Until 2:00 p.m. Voting for detainee voters
May 9–12, 2022 Counting of votes for city and municipal officials
May 10–16, 2022 Counting of votes for regional and provincial officials, and members of Congress
June 8, 2022 Deadline in filing statement of expenditures by candidates
June 30, 2022 12:00 p.m. Winners' terms start
June 30, 2025 12:00 p.m. Winners' terms end (local positions and members of the House of Representatives)
June 30, 2028 12:00 p.m. Winners' terms end (President, Vice President and senators)

Parties and coalitions

As this is a presidential election year, presidential candidates may endorse a running mate for vice president, a senatorial slate, district and party-list representatives, and local officials, who may not be of the same party or coalition as him/her.

The following table is sorted by which national party holds the presidency, vice presidency, number of House of Representatives (House) seats, then number of Senate seats.

Local name English name Short name Chairperson President Holds presidency? Holds vice presidency? Senate seats House seats
Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan Philippine Democratic Party–People Power PDP–Laban (Cusi faction) President Rodrigo Duterte Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi Yes No
4 / 24
62 / 304
PDP–Laban (Pimentel faction) Senator Koko Pimentel Senator Manny Pacquiao
Liberal Party LP Vice President Leni Robredo Senator Francis Pangilinan No Yes[a]
3 / 24
16 / 304
National Unity Party NUP Former representative from Antipolo Ronaldo Puno Representative from Dasamariñas Elpidio Barzaga Jr. No No
0 / 24
44 / 304
Nacionalista Party Nationalist Party NP Senator Cynthia Villar Former Senate President Manny Villar No No
4 / 24
42 / 304
Nationalist People's Coalition NPC Senate President Tito Sotto Former representative from Isabela Giorgidi Aggabao No No
3 / 24
33 / 304
Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats People's Power–Christian Muslim Democrats Lakas–CMD Senator Bong Revilla Representative from Leyte Martin Romualdez No No
1 / 24
19 / 304
Makabayan Patriotic Coalition of the People MKM Former representative for Bayan Muna Satur Ocampo No No
0 / 24
6 / 304
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas Philippine Federal Party PFP Former senator Bongbong Marcos South Cotabato governor Reynaldo Tamayo Jr. No No
0 / 24
5 / 304
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Struggle of Democratic Filipinos LDP Senator Sonny Angara Representative from Aurora Bella Angara No No
1 / 24
2 / 304
Aksyon Demokratiko Democratic Action Aksyon Ernesto Ramel Jr. Manila mayor Isko Moreno No No
0 / 24
1 / 304
Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma Party for Democratic Reforms Reporma Senator Panfilo Lacson Representative Pantaleon Alvarez No No
1 / 24
1 / 304
Akbayan Citizens' Action Party Akbayan Gio Tiongson Rafaela David No No
1 / 24
0 / 304
Progressive Movement for the Devolution of Initiatives Probinsya Muna Development Initiative PROMDI Senator Manny Pacquiao (honorary chairperson) Mimo Osmeña No No
1 / 24
0 / 304
United Nationalist Alliance UNA Information and Communications Technology Secretary Gregorio Honasan Senator Nancy Binay No No
1 / 24
0 / 304
  1. ^ Robredo is running as an independent in the presidential election, while remaining chairman of the Liberal Party.[53]

National conventions and assemblies

National political conventions and assemblies were held to nominate candidates in the upcoming election.[54]

Party Date Location Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Other business
PDP–Laban (Cusi faction)[55] September 8 San Fernando, Pampanga Senator Bong Go President Rodrigo Duterte Nominated eight people for senator
PDP–Laban (Pimentel faction)[56] September 19 Quezon City; virtual convention Senator Manny Pacquiao None
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP)[57] Virtual convention Former senator Bongbong Marcos None Elected party officials
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan[58] September 24 Binangonan, Rizal None Nominated Larry Gadon for senator
Makabayan[59] September 27 Virtual convention None None Nominated nominees for party-list representatives
Aksyon Demokratiko[60] Manila; virtual convention Manila mayor Isko Moreno Willie Ong Nominated Samira Gutoc and Carl Balita for senator
PROMDI[61] Cebu City Senator Manny Pacquiao None Approval of electoral alliance between PROMDI and the Pimentel faction of PDP–Laban
Labor Party Philippines (LPP) and Partido Lakas ng Manggagawang Pilipino (PLMP)[62] September 28 Mabalacat, Pampanga Former senator Bongbong Marcos None Approval of electoral alliance between LPP and PLMP, and between LPP and PFP, LPP and PLMP endorsing AAsenso for party-list, and Larry Gadon for senator
Partido Lakas ng Masa (PLM)[63] Virtual convention Leody de Guzman, labor leader None

Some of the results of the national conventions were noticeably not followed. For the Cusi faction of the PDP–Laban, Bong Go declined to run for president,[64] and Rodrigo Duterte, who originally accepted the nomination,[64] changed his mind and announced his retirement from politics.[65] In the end, Go became the vice presidential nominee,[66] while Ronald dela Rosa was named their presidential nominee.[67]

For the Pimentel faction of the same party, Manny Pacquiao was named their standard bearer,[68] but carried the PROMDI party banner in his candidacy, after their faction and PROMDI forged an electoral alliance.[69]

Marcos was named nominee of at least four parties, and chose to run under the PFP.[70]

PLM only nominated De Guzman for president in their convention. Former Akbayan representative Walden Bello was eventually chosen to be his running mate.[71]

Issues

Relationship with China

Main article: China–Philippines relations

Laura del Rosario, a former Undersecretary for International Economic Affairs, encouraged the public to reject "Manchurian candidates," or candidates who are clandestinely supported by China. Richard Heydarian, a nonresident fellow at Stratbase ADR Institute, noted that "The Duterte administration shows acquiescence does not bear fruit." Del Rosario also said that to ensure that a pro-Chinese leader is elected, China may support more than one candidate in the election.[72] Issues on the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic has also been raised.[73]

Candidate substitution

Substitution of candidates aside from death or illness is allowed in the Philippines, under the Omnibus Election Code. In case of withdrawal, the substitute can replace the original candidate only on the commission's set schedule; for death or disqualification, the substitute can replace the original candidate until midday of election day.[74] Incumbent president Rodrigo Duterte notably was a substitute in 2016 where he won.[75] Deputy speaker Rufus Rodriguez proposed to ban such substitutions, and to reimpose the old rule that automatically makes candidates deemed as resigned on any political position that they are on.[76] The commission promised to be firm on rules regarding substitution after Sara Duterte missed the deadline to file a presidential candidacy.[77]

Elections to be held

The Commission on Elections published that there will be 18,180 posts up in the election; this included the 80 seats that would have been disputed in the Bangsamoro Parliament.[78] The commission then announced that there will be 18,100 posts up, with 47,853 candidates disputing said positions.[79]

The commission will declare the winners for all positions, except for president and vice president, where Congress will declare the results.

For president

Main article: 2022 Philippine presidential election

The presidential election will determine the successor of Rodrigo Duterte. Duterte is term-limited and cannot run for president. A total 97 people signed up to run for president.[79]

For vice president

The vice presidential election will determine the successor of Leni Robredo. Robredo can be re-elected as vice president but chose to run for president. A total of 29 people signed up to run for vice president.[79]

Congress

The 19th Congress of the Philippines will be known after the election.

Senate

Main article: 2022 Philippine Senate election

Twelve of 24 seats in the Senate, or those last contested in 2016, are up for election. The winners will take office with the winners of the 2019 election. There are 176 people who signed up to run for senator.[79]

House of Representatives

Main article: 2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections

All 316 seats in the House of Representatives will be up for election, an increase of 12 seats from the outgoing 18th Congress. There are now 253 congressional districts, each electing one representative, and 63 seats elected via the party-list system on a nationwide vote.[78] There are 733 people who signed up to run for Congress.[79]

Local

Main article: 2022 Philippine local elections
See also: 2022 Philippine gubernatorial elections

Local elections above the barangay level are expected to be held along with the national elections:[78]

See also

References

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