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Kansas Jayhawks

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Kansas Jayhawks
Logo
UniversityThe University of Kansas
ConferenceBig 12 Conference
NCAADivision I (FBS)
Athletic directorTravis Goff[1]
LocationLawrence, Kansas
Varsity teams16
Football stadiumDavid Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium
Basketball arenaAllen Fieldhouse
Baseball stadiumHoglund Ballpark
Softball stadiumArrocha Ballpark
Soccer stadiumRock Chalk Park
Other venuesAnschutz Pavilion
Rim Rock Farm
Horejsi Family Volleyball Arena
Robinson Natatorium
Jayhawk Tennis Center
Kansas River Boathouse
MascotBig Jay, Baby Jay
NicknameJayhawks
Fight songI'm a Jayhawk
CheerRock Chalk, Jayhawk
ColorsCrimson and blue[2]
   
Websitewww.kuathletics.com
Big 12 logo in Kansas' colors

The Kansas Jayhawks, commonly referred to as simply KU or Kansas, are the athletic teams that represent the University of Kansas. KU is one of three schools in the state of Kansas that participate in NCAA Division I. The Jayhawks are also a member of the Big 12 Conference. KU athletic teams have won eleven NCAA Division I championships: three in men's basketball, one in men's cross country, three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, and one in women's outdoor track and field.

The name "Jayhawks" comes from the Kansas Jayhawker freedom fighter and pro-Unionist militias during the Bleeding Kansas era of the American Civil War.

Origins of "Jayhawk"

Main article: Jayhawker

The origin of the term "Jayhawk" (short for "Jayhawker") is uncertain. The origin of the term may go back as far as the Revolutionary War, when it was reportedly used to describe a group associated with American Founding Father and patriot John Jay, who served in the American Revolution as well as the 1st Chief Justice of the United States as a member of the right wing Federalist Party.[3]

The term became part of the lexicon of the Missouri-Kansas border in about 1858, during the Kansas territorial period. The term was used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause. One early Kansas history contained this succinct characterization of the jayhawkers:[4]

Confederated at first for defense against pro-slavery outrages, but ultimately falling more or less completely into the vocation of robbers and assassins, they have received the name – whatever its origin may be – of jayhawkers.

Another historian of the territorial period described the jayhawkers as bands of men that were willing to fight, kill, and rob for a variety of motives that included defense against pro-slavery "Border Ruffians", abolition, driving pro-slavery settlers from their claims of land, revenge, and/or plunder and personal profit.[5]

In September 1861, the town of Osceola, Missouri was burned to the ground by Jayhawkers during the Sacking of Osceola.[6] On the 150th anniversary of that event in 2011, the town asked the University of Kansas to remove the Jayhawk as its mascot.[7] The university refused.

Over time, proud of their state's contributions to the end of slavery and the preservation of the Union, Kansans embraced the "Jayhawker" term. The term came to be applied to people or items related to Kansas. When the University of Kansas fielded their first football team in 1890, like many universities at that time, they had no official mascot. They used many different independent mascots, including a pig. Eventually, sometime during the 1890s, the team was referred to as the Jayhawkers by the student body.[8] Over time, the name was gradually supplanted by its shorter variant, and KU's sports teams are now almost exclusively known as the Jayhawks. The Jayhawk appears in several Kansas cheers, most notably, the "Rock Chalk, Jayhawk" chant in unison before and during games.[9] In the traditions promoted by KU, the jayhawk is said to be a combination of two birds, "the blue jay, a noisy, quarrelsome thing known to rob other nests, and the sparrow hawk, a stealthy hunter."[10]

The link between the term "Jayhawkers" and any specific kind of mythical bird, if it ever existed, had been lost or at least obscured by the time KU's bird mascot was invented in 1912. The originator of the bird mascot, Henry Maloy, struggled for over two years to create a pictorial symbol for the team, until hitting upon the bird idea. As explained by Mr. Maloy, "the term ‘jayhawk’ in the school yell was a verb and the term ‘jayhawkers’ was the noun."[11] KU's current Jayhawk tradition largely springs from Frank W. Blackmar, a KU professor. In his 1926 address on the origin of the Jayhawk, Blackmar specifically referenced the blue jay and sparrow hawk. Blackmar's address served to soften the link between KU's athletic team moniker and the Jayhawkers of the Kansas territorial period, and helped explain the relatively recently invented Jayhawk pictorial symbol with a myth that appears to have been of even more recent fabrication.[12]

Sports sponsored

Men's sports Women's sports
Baseball Basketball
Basketball Cross country
Cross country Golf
Football Rowing
Golf Soccer
Track and field† Softball
Swimming and diving
Tennis
Track and field†
Volleyball
† – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor.

The University of Kansas officially sponsors 16 sports: 6 men's and 8 women's. There are also club-level sports for rugby, ice hockey, and men's volleyball. The school used to sponsor a wrestling team, though the sport was discontinued during the 1960s.[13]

Basketball

Men's basketball

Main article: Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball

The Jayhawks men's basketball program is one of the most successful and prestigious programs in the history of college basketball. The Jayhawks' first coach was the inventor of the game, James Naismith. The program has produced some of the game's greatest professional players (including Clyde Lovellette, Wilt Chamberlain, Jo Jo White, Paul Pierce, and Frank Mason III, and most successful coaches (including Phog Allen, Adolph Rupp, Ralph Miller, Dutch Lonborg, John McLendon, Larry Brown, Dean Smith, Roy Williams, and Bill Self). The program has enjoyed considerable national success, having been retrospectively awarded Helms Foundation titles for the 1922 and 1923 seasons, winning NCAA national championships in 1952, 1988, and 2008, and playing in 15 Final Fours, and is one of only three programs to win more than 2,000 games. In Street & Smith's Annual list of 100 greatest college basketball programs of all time in 2005, KU ranked 4th.[14]

Women's basketball

Main article: Kansas Jayhawks women's basketball

Kansas first fielded a women's team during the 1968–69 season. For thirty-one seasons (1973–2004) the women's team was coached by Marian Washington, who led the team to three Big Eight championships, one Big 12 Championship, six conference tournament championships, eleven NCAA Tournament appearances and four AIAW Tournament appearances. The team's best post-season result was a Sweet Sixteen appearance in 1998. Bonnie Henrickson served as head coach from 2004 to 2015, until she was fired in March 2015.[15] Brandon Schneider was hired to replace Henrickson in April 2015.

Football

Main article: Kansas Jayhawks football

KU began playing football in 1890. The football team has had notable alumni including Gale Sayers, a two-time All-American who later enjoyed an injury-shortened yet Hall of Fame career with the Chicago Bears; John Riggins, another Pro Football Hall of Famer and Super Bowl XVII MVP with the Washington Redskins; Pro Football Hall of Famer for the Cleveland Browns, Mike McCormack. Additional notable former Jayhawks John Hadl, Curtis McClinton, Dana Stubblefield, Bobby Douglass, Nolan Cromwell, and current NFL cornerbacks Aqib Talib and Chris Harris Jr.. The Jayhawks have appeared three times in the Orange Bowl, 1948, 1969 and 2008, winning in 2008. The team currently plays in Memorial Stadium (capacity 50,071), the seventh oldest college football stadium in the nation, which opened in 1921. Clint Bowen was named interim head coach after Charlie Weis was fired September 28, 2014. On December 5, 2014, David Beaty was announced as the next head football coach.[16]

Baseball

Main article: Kansas Jayhawks baseball

Kansas baseball began in 1880 and has produced notable players such as Bob Allison and Steve Renko. The team has appeared in five NCAA tournaments (1993, 1994, 2006, 2009, 2014) and one College World Series (1993).

Softball

The Jayhawks softball team has appeared in seven Women's College World Series, including five straight from 1973–77, as well as 1979 and 1992.[17]

Golf

In 1949, Marilynn Smith won the women's individual intercollegiate golf championship (an event conducted by the Division of Girls' and Women's Sports (DGWS) — which later evolved into the current NCAA women's golf championship).

Notable non-varsity sports

Rugby

Founded in 1964, Kansas Jayhawks Rugby Football Club plays college rugby in the Division 1 Heart of America conference against its many of its traditional Big 8 / Big 12 rivals such as Kansas State and Missouri. Kansas finished the 2011 year ranked 24th.[18] Kansas rugby has embarked on international tours since 1977, playing in Europe, New Zealand, South Africa, Belgium, Holland, Scotland, England, Ireland and Argentina.[19] The team plays its matches at the Westwick Rugby Complex, which was funded by $350,000 in alumni donations.[20] Kansas often hosts the annual Heart of America sevens tournament played every September, the winner of which qualifies for the USA Rugby sevens national championship. Notable University of Kansas rugby all-Americans are: Pete Knudsen 1986, Paul King 1989–90, Anthony Rio 1992, Philip Olson 1993 all American, Joel Foster 1993, Collin Gotham 1993.

Ice Hockey

Competing in the ACHA, the Kansas Jayhawks Club Ice Hockey team has seen a resurgence in popularity since the team started scheduling games against historical rivals Missouri and Nebraska, starting on an annualized basis in 2013. The team is coached by Andy McConnell.

The team's primary logo is the traditional Kansas Jayhawk logo, with the secondary logo playing homage to the Vancouver Canucks classic logo, with the outline of the state of Kansas having a hockey stick running through the middle of it.

Championships

Conference championships & titles

Big 12 Conference champions have the best conference regular season record, and titles are awarded to the winner of the postseason championship tournament. In all sports combined (as of December 2016) the Jayhawks have won total of 169 conference titles all-time, 24 championships since joining the Big 12. Note that approximately 1/3 of those are from the Men's basketball.

Men's basketball[21]

The Jayhawks have won or shared an NCAA record 60 conference championships since they joined their first conference in 1907. The Jayhawks have belonged to the Big 12 Conference since it was formed, before the 1996–97 season, and dominated it, winning 12 straight conference titles dating back to 2005. Before that, the Jayhawks have belonged to the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association from the 1907–08 to 1927–28 seasons, the Big Six Conference from 1928–29 to 1946–47, the Big Seven Conference from 1947–48 to 1957–58, the Big Eight Conference from 1958–59 up until the end of the 1995–96 season. The Big Six and Big Seven conferences were actually the more often used names of the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association, which existed under that official name until 1964, when it was changed to the Big Eight.[22]

Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (13)

  • 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927

Big Six Conference (12)

  • 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1946

Big Seven Conference (5)

  • 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957

Big Eight Conference (13)

  • 1960, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996

Big 12 Conference (18)

  • 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. The streak of 14 straight Big 12 Championship wins ended in 2019. In 2020, they won a share of the Big 12 championship on Senior's night in Allen Field House.

In addition to the 61 Conference Championships, the Jayhawks have also captured 28 Conference Tournament Championships:

  • 1951, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1992, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018
Women's basketball[23]
1979 – Big 8 tournament champion
1980 – Big 8 tournament champion
1981 – Big 8 tournament champion
1987 – Big 8 regular season and tournament champion
1988 – Big 8 tournament champion
1992 – Big 8 regular season champion
1993 – Big 8 tournament champion
1996 – Big 8 regular season champion
1997 – Big 12 champion
Baseball
1921 – MVIAA champion
1922 – MVIAA champion
1923 – MVIAA champion
1949 – Big 7 Conference champion
2006 – Big 12 tournament champion
Soccer
2004 – Big 12 regular season co-champion
Softball[24]
2006 – Big 12 tournament champion
Men's indoor track & field
1922, 1923, 1934, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983
Women's indoor track & field
2013
Men's outdoor track & field
1910, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1946, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982
Women's outdoor track & field
2013
Men's cross country
1928, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1969
Men's golf
1999
Tennis
1979, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2019
Women's volleyball
2016

NCAA team championships

Kansas has won 11 NCAA team national championships.[25]

Other national team titles

The Jayhawks have also won nine national titles not awarded by the NCAA:

Rivalries

Kansas State Wildcats (Sunflower Showdown)

Main article: Sunflower Showdown

Kansas State University is Kansas' in-state rival. The series between Kansas and Kansas State is known as the Sunflower Showdown.

Missouri Tigers (Border War)

Main article: Border War (Kansas–Missouri rivalry)

The 160-year-old rivalry between Kansas and Missouri began with open violence that up to the American Civil War known as Bleeding Kansas that took place in the Kansas Territory (Sacking of Lawrence) and the western frontier towns of Missouri throughout the 1850s.[26] The incidents were clashes between pro-slavery factions from both states and anti-slavery Kansans to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. In the opening year of the war, six Missouri towns (the largest being Osceola) and large swaths of the western Missouri country side were plundered and burned by guerrilla "Jayhawkers" from Kansas. The Sacking of Osceola led to a retaliatory raid on Lawrence, Kansas two years later known as the Lawrence Massacre killing between 185 and 200 men and boys, which in turn led to the infamous General Order No. 11 (1863), the forced depopulation of several western Missouri counties.[27] The raid on Lawrence was led by William Quantrill, a Confederate guerrilla born in Ohio who had formed his bushwhacker group at the end of 1861. At the time the Civil War broke out, Quantrill was a resident of Lawrence, Kansas teaching school.[28]

The athletic rivalry began with a football game on October 31, 1891. Currently it is the second longest played series in Division I football and has been described as one of the most intense in the nation.[29] However, no regular season games were scheduled after Missouri accepted an offer to join the Southeastern Conference and Kansas refused Missouri's offer to continue rivalry outside of the conference.[30] In the basketball series Kansas leads by a large margin (172-95 KU), in football Missouri leads by a very small margin (56-55-9 MU) and baseball Missouri leads by a large margin. Regular season games have been scheduled for basketball beginning in 2020 and football in 2025 for the first time since Missouri left for the SEC.

Dormant rivalries

Nebraska Cornhuskers

Main article: Kansas-Nebraska football rivalry

Kansas had a rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers, though that rivalry had more to do with who had the better sports program, with Kansas priding itself on its basketball prowess and Nebraska on its football dominance. This rivalry of sports cultures has gone dormant with Nebraska's departure for the Big Ten Conference in 2011. Prior to 2011, the football series between the 2 schools was the 3rd most played rivalry in college football behind Minnesota-Wisconsin and Kansas-Missouri. In basketball, Kansas leads the all-time series 170–71.

Mascots

Main articles: Baby Jay and Big Jay (mascot)

Notable seasons

  • 1992–1993 KU became the second NCAA Division I program to send its football team to a bowl game (Aloha Bowl), one of its basketball teams to the Final Four, and its baseball team to the College World Series in the same academic year. The first was LSU in 1985–86.
  • 2007–2008 football and men's basketball seasons, KU amassed a combined 49–4 record (12–1 football, 37–3 basketball), which is the most combined wins ever by an NCAA Division I program,[31] and is also one of only 2 college sports programs to win a BCS Bowl game and a College Basketball National Championship in the same sports season, the other was the 2006–2007 Florida Gators who won the BCS national championship and their second consecutive basketball national championship.
  • 2011–2012 & 2012–2013 basketball seasons, the University of Kansas became the only school in the nation over those two seasons to have their men's and women's basketball teams both qualify for the Sweet 16 both seasons.

Notable athletes

This list below is for Olympic medalists, Hall of Famers in their respective sport, or politicians that were athletes at the school. For a more comprehensive list of notable athletes see List of University of Kansas people#Athletes and coaches.

  • Phog Allen played basketball at KU under James Naismith. He was known as the "Father of Basketball Coaching" as he coached and mentored Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonberg, Adolph Rupp, Ralph Miller, and Dean Smith. Allen, Lonberg, Rupp, Miller, and Smith (all KU alumni and basketball players) amassed 3,481 career wins as head coaches. No other five alumni from any other school come close to this figure. When Allen retired he was the leader in all-time wins (746) until passed by Rupp, who held it until passed by Smith. Allen also founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) in 1927, which went on to create the NCAA Tournament in 1939. While at Kansas, he was also a member of the Football and Baseball teams.
  • Wilt Chamberlain, two-time All American, Final Four MVP, National Basketball Hall of Fame, Top 50 All Time Greatest NBA players
  • Jon Cornish, 2006 First Team All-Big 12, second round draft pick of the Calgary Stampeders, Canadian Football Hall of Famer
  • Glenn Cunningham, two-time US Olympic Runner, Silver Medalist 1936 Berlin Olympics, dominant runner of the 1930s
  • Bob Dole, notable as a politician, played football and basketball while attending the school
  • William "Skinny" Johnson, Basketball player, 2-time All-Big 6. Member basketball Hall of Fame.
  • Clyde Lovellette, Basketball player, led KU to the 1952 NCAA Tournament championship. The only player in NCAA history to lead the nation in scoring and then win the National Championship in the same season. 1952 NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player. Scored a then record 141 points in the 1952 NCAA Tournament. 3-time All-American (twice Consensus All-American) and 1952 Helms College Player of the Year. 1952 Olympic Gold Medalist while earning the Most Outstanding Player and leading the team in scoring. 9th overall pick in the 1952 NBA Draft. 4-time NBA All Star, 3-time NBA champion, and Basketball Hall of Fame member.
  • Danny Manning, Basketball player and former head basketball coach at Wake Forest. Two-time All-American 1988 recipient of the Naismith and Wooden Awards, Big 8 Player of the Decade for the 1980s, 2-time NBA All-Star, National Collegiate Basketball Hall Of Famer.
  • Mike McCormack, Pro Football Hall of Fame tackle. Former NFL head coach and GM.
  • Ralph Miller, Basketball and Football player at KU. Assistant under Phog Allen. Went on to become Basketball Hall of Famer as a head coach with 657 wins.
  • Billy Mills, First American to win gold medal in the 10,000m run, 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games
  • Bill Nieder, Former record holder in High School shot put, first college Athlete to surpass 60 feet with the 16-pound shot, two National championships, Silver Medal 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, Gold Medal 1960 Rome Olympic Games
  • Al Oerter, Olympic gold medal discus thrower in four consecutive Olympiads
  • John Riggins, Pro Football Hall of Fame running back, MVP of Super Bowl XVII
  • Adolph Rupp, Basketball Player under Phog Allen. Member of 1922 and 1923 Helms Foundation title teams. Retired as winningest college basketball head coach with 876 wins. Member of Basketball Hall of Fame.
  • Jim Ryun, World record holder in mile, Olympic silver medalist, former Congressman
  • Gale Sayers, 2-time All American, Pro Football Hall of Fame running back, Chicago Bears
  • Dean Smith played basketball under Phog Allen. Also played baseball. Member of the 1952 National Championship Basketball Team. Assistant Coach at KU for 1 season. Retired as winningest college basketball head coach with 879 wins Member of Basketball Hall of Fame.
  • Marilynn Smith, 21-time winner on the LPGA Tour. Inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2006
  • Lynette Woodard, 4-time All-American, Major college basketball's career Women's Scoring leader, Gold Medalist 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, First woman ever to play with Harlem Globetrotters, WNBA player, former assistant and interim head coach for the Kansas Jayhawks, National Basketball Hall of Fame, Women's Basketball Hall of Fame

Athletic directors

Kansas has had 16 full-time athletic directors and 8 interim athletic directors. W. O. Hamilton was the first official athletic director. Travis Goff is the current athletic director and has served in that capacity since 2021. Longtime men's basketball coach Phog Allen also served as athletic director for 18 years,

  • W. O. Hamilton, 1911–1919
  • Phog Allen, 1919–1937
  • Gwinn Henry, 1938–1942
  • Karl Klooz, 1943 (interim)
  • Ernie Quigley, 1944–1949
  • Arthur Lonborg, 1950–1963
  • Wade R. Stinson, 1964–1972
  • Clyde Walker, 1973–1977
  • Bob Marcum, 1978–1981
  • Del Shankel, 1981 (interim)
  • Jim Lessig, 1982
  • Del Shankel, 1982 (interim)
  • Monte Johnson, 1982–1987
  • Bob Frederick, 1987–2001
  • Richard Konzem, 2001 (interim)
  • Allen Bohl, 2001–2003
  • Drue Jennings, 2003 (interim)
  • Lew Perkins, 2003–2010
  • Sean Lester, 2010–2011 (interim)
  • Sheahon Zenger, 2011–2018
  • Sean Lester – 2018 (interim)
  • Jeff Long, 2018–2021
  • Kurt Watson, (interim) 2021
  • Travis Goff, 2021–present

References

General references:

  • Falkenstien, Max; Doug Vance (1996). Max and the Jayhawks: 50 years on and off the air with KU Sports. Wichita, Kansas: The Wichita Eagle & Beacon Publishing Company, Inc.

Specific references:

  1. ^ Report: KU to hire Travis Goff as Athletic Director
  2. ^ "Color | Brand Center". Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  3. ^ The Daily Cleveland Herald, (Cleveland, Ohio) Saturday, December 21, 1861. Issue 301; column B
  4. ^ Spring, Leverett Wilson. Kansas, The Prelude to the War for the Union. New York: Boston Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1896
  5. ^ Welch, G. Murlin. Border Warfare in Southeast Kansas: 1856–1859. Linn County Publishing Co., Inc. 1977.
  6. ^ Brennan, Eamonn (2011-09-15). "The dark side of the Jayhawks' nickname – College Basketball Nation Blog – ESPN". Espn.go.com. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  7. ^ "Osceola urges Kansas to drop Jayhawk name". Columbia Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  8. ^ "The Jayhawk • The University of Kansas". Archived from the original on 2012-11-15.
  9. ^ "Traditions • About KU • The University of Kansas". Ku.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2006-03-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Accessed 1/28/11.
  11. ^ Kirke Mechem. The Mythical Jayhawk. Kansas Historical Quarterly, February 1944 (Vol. 13, No. 1), pages 1 to 15.
  12. ^ Blackmar, Dr. F. W. "KU History and Traditions – The Legend of the Jayhawk – Origin of the Jayhawk". University of Kansas. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2016-01-17. December, 1926.
  13. ^ "Once a Jayhawk, always a Jayhawk, Mike Elwell". KUAthletics.com. 2016.
  14. ^ DAResler. "DAResler's Blog". daresler.net. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12.
  15. ^ "Bonnie Henrickson Fired As Kansas Women's Basketball Coach". wibw.com.
  16. ^ Kahn Jr., Sam (December 5, 2014). "Kansas hires David Beaty as coach". ESPN.com. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  17. ^ Plummer, William; Floyd, Larry C. (2013). A Series Of Their Own: History Of The Women's College World Series. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States: Turnkey Communications Inc. ISBN 978-0-9893007-0-4.
  18. ^ Rugby Mag, Men's D1-AA Top 25, Nov. 14, 2011, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Kansas Jayhawks Rugby Football Club". Kurugby.org. Archived from the original on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
  20. ^ The University Daily Kansas, Alumni donates money to create rugby complex, Oct. 1, 2012, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-10-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ "Big 12 Record Book: Men's Basketball" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  22. ^ "2007–08 Media Guide". Kansas Jayhawks. Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  23. ^ "Big 12 Record Book: Women's Basketball" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  24. ^ "Big 12 Record Book: Softball" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-16. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  25. ^ "Championship Summary – Through July 1, 2015" (PDF). NCAA. 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2016-01-17. p. 6.
  26. ^ "America's Civil War: Missouri and Kansas". Historynet.com. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  27. ^ Spurgeon, Ian (2009), Man of Douglas, man of Lincoln: the political odyssey of James Henry Lane, University of Missouri Press, pp. 185–88
  28. ^ Petersen, Paul R. (2003), Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier,
  29. ^ "SI.com – The Border War – Nov 23, 2007". CNN. 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  30. ^ "Missouri Tigers' move to SEC official, but Big 12 hurdles remain – ESPN". Espn.go.com. 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  31. ^ "Team Notables". Retrieved 2008-05-16. [dead link‍]

Further reading

  • University of Kansas Traditions: The Jayhawk
  • Kirke Mechem, "The Mythical Jayhawk", Kansas Historical Quarterly XIII: 1 (February 1944), pp. 3–15. A tongue-in-cheek history and description of the Mythical Jayhawk.
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