George Bonga
George Bonga | |
|---|---|
 African American and Ojibwe | |
| Born | August 20, 1802 Northwest Territory near modern Duluth |
| Died | 1880 |
| Occupation | Fur trader |
George Bonga (August 20, 1802 – 1880) was a Black Indian fur trader, one of the first people of African descent born in the part of the Northwest Territory that later became the State of Minnesota. He was the second son born to an African-American father, Pierre Bonga, and an Ojibwe mother, Ogibwayquay Bonga.[1]
George was schooled in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, becoming fluent in French as well as Ojibwe and English. He later became a fur trader and interpreter. He was noted in what is now Minnesota for being, as his brother Stephen claimed, "One of the first two black children born in the state." Stephen also described them as "the first white children" born there, as the Ojibwe classified everyone who was non-native as "white".[2]
In 1837 George Bonga tracked down a suspected murderer, an Ojibwe man named Che-Ga Wa Skung, and brought him back to Fort Snelling. The ensuing criminal trial was reputedly the first in what was then part of Wisconsin Territory, and Che-Ga Wa Skung was acquitted.[1]
George Bonga was described as standing over six feet tall and weighing 200+ pounds. Reports said that he would carry 700 pounds of furs and supplies at once. He served as an interpreter, and was believed to have acted as a guide for governor Lewis Cass.[3] Well respected in the region, Bonga and his wife opened a lodge on Leech Lake after the fur trade declined. George Bonga died in 1880.
Biography
George Bonga's father Pierre was the son of Jean and Marie-Jeannette Bonga, enslaved people who had been brought to the fort on Mackinac Island by their enslaver, Captain Daniel Robertson, a British officer who commanded it from 1782 to his death in 1787. The couple became liberated at his death and legally married. Bonga and his wife opened the first hotel on the island.
Pierre Bonga worked as a fur trader with the Ojibwe near Duluth. His first son Stephen Bonga, born 1799, also became a notable fur trader and translator in the region.[4] His daughter, Marguerite Bonga (born c. 1797) married the first Swedish settler in Minnesota, Jacob Fahlstrom[5] and the couple lived and worked near Fort Snelling for a time before establishing a farm in Afton in modern-day Minnesota.[6]
As Pierre Bonga was a relatively successful trader, he sent George to Montreal for school. When the youth returned to the Great Lakes region, he spoke fluent English, French, as well as Ojibwe.
Frontier career
George Bonga followed in his father's footsteps and entered the fur trade. He first joined the American Fur Company as a voyageur.[7] In this role, Bonga drew the attention of Territorial Governor Lewis Cass, who hired him as a guide and as an interpreter for the government's negotiations with tribes in the Lake Superior region.[8] Bonga's signature is on treaties in 1820 and 1867.[4]
Bonga had gained an education among both European and Ojibwe societies, and frequently crossed their borders. Comfortable in white and Ojibwe society, Bonga identified with both. Reportedly, Bonga called himself one of the first two "white men" in Northern Minnesota. He was speaking of his participation in 'white' culture. He criticized white men who treated Ojibwe trappers unfairly. Bonga wrote letters on behalf of the Ojibwe, complaining to the state government about individual Indian agents in the region. His letters, which point out both his connections to the white government and the Ojibwe, illustrate the ways that Bonga traversed cultural boundaries.[4]
In 1837 an Ojibwe man, Che-ga-wa-skung, was accused of murdering Alfred Aitkin at Red Cedar Lake (now Cass Lake). Aitkin was the son of the fur trader William Alexander Aitken. Che-ga-wa-skung escaped from custody. Bonga trailed the man over five days and six nights during the winter, eventually catching him. He brought the suspect back to Fort Snelling for trial. In one of the first United States criminal proceedings in what was then part of Wisconsin Territory, Che-ga-wa-skung was tried and acquitted.[4] Che-ga-wa-skung was acquitted because Alfred Aitkin was half-Ojibwe and therefore the court decided it had no jurisdiction over the case.[9]
Bonga was unpopular with some Ojibwe because of his role in the case, but he continued living with or near the people for the rest of his life. In 1842, he married Ashwinn, an Ojibwe woman. They had four children together.[4]
1842 marked the effective end of the American Fur Company. With the beaver nearly extinct and European fashions changing, the fur trade that had been Bonga's livelihood had declined dramatically. In its place Bonga and his wife turned to lodge keeping. For many years, they welcomed travelers into their lodge on Leech Lake. Some travelers reported on Bonga's telling stories of early Minnesota and singing for their enjoyment. Bonga died there when he was around seventy years old.[4]
Legacy and honors
- Bungo Township in Cass County is named after his family. Spelling varied widely at this time.[4]
- Playwright Carlyle Brown created a play based on Bonga's life titled George Bonga: Black Voyageur which opened in February 2016 at History Theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota, with James A. Williams starring as Bonga.[10]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b "George Bonga, an early settler in Minnesota". African American Registry. Archived from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
- ^ "Portrait of Stephen Bonga", Wisconsin Historical Images, accessed 23 January 2014
- ^ William Sherman Savage, Blacks in the West, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1976, pp. 68-70
- ^ a b c d e f g Weber, Eric W. "Bonga, George (1802-1880)". MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Carlson, Christine (March 1, 2011). ""Stephen Bonga and Family"" (PDF). Retrieved December 13, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "The first Swede in Manitoba" (PDF). Retrieved December 5, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Porter, Kenneth (December 1934). "Negroes and the Fur Trade". Minnesota History. 15 (4): 425. JSTOR 20161150.
- ^ Katz, William Loren (1977). Black people who made the Old West. New York: Crowell. p. 34. ISBN 9780690012538.
- ^ "MN History: Unflappable fur trader was at heart of state's first murder case".
- ^ Royce, Graydon (February 8, 2016). "Review: History Theatre's 'George Bonga' a low-key portrait of a Minnesota legend". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
Further reading
- Katz, William Loren. Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. New York: Athaneum, 1986.
- McWatt, Arthur C. Crusaders for Justice: A Chronicle of Protest by Agitators, Advocates, and Activists in their Struggle for Human Rights in St. Paul, Minnesota, 1802-1985. Brooklyn Park: Papyrus Publishing Inc., 2009.
- White, Bruce M. (Winter 1998–1999). "The Power of Whiteness: Or, the Life and Times of Joseph Rolette, Jr" (PDF). Minnesota History. 56 (4): 178–197. JSTOR 20188120.
External links
- African American Stories in Minnesota, Nora Murphy and Mary Murphy Gnatz, Minnesota Historical Society, 2000
- William Durbin, "Who Was George Bonga?", Young Naturalists, Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota
- "George Bonga", Twin Cities Public Television link
- Bertrand Bickersteth, "Black Fur Traders in Canada", The Canadian Encyclopedia, March 4, 2020.
This article incorporates text from MNopedia, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
