World polity theory
World polity theory (also referred to as world society theory, global Neo-institutionalism, and the "Stanford school" of global analysis)[1] was developed mainly as an analytical frame for interpreting global relations, structures, and practices.[2] It was developed partly in response to the application of world systems theory. The theory views the world system as a social system with a cultural framework called world polity, which encompasses and influences the actors, such as nations, international organizations, and individuals under it.[2] In other words, according to John Boli and George M. Thomas, "the world polity is constituted by distinct culture – a set of fundamental principles and models, mainly ontological and cognitive in character, defining the nature and purposes of social actors and action."[3] The World polity theory views the primary component of the world society as "world polity", which provides a set of cultural norms or directions in which the actors of the world society follow in dealing with problems and general procedures.[4] In contrast to other theories such as neo-realism or liberalism, the theory considers other actors such as the states and institutions to be under the influence of global norms.[4] Although it closely resembles constructivism, world polity theory is to be distinguished from it because "world-polity theorists have been far more resolute in taking the “cultural plunge” than their constructivism counterparts".[1] In other words, world polity theory puts more of an emphasis on homogenization than the other. Through globalization, world polity and culture trigger the formation of enactable cultures and organizations while in return cultures and organizations elaborate the world society further.[4]
Beginning in the 1970s with its initiation by John W. Meyer of Stanford University, world polity analysis initially revolved around examining inter-state relations.[5] Simultaneously in the 1970s and also in the 1980s, a significant amount of work was done on international education environment.[5] However, in the 1980s and 1990s due to the noticeable influence of globalization on world culture, the direction of the study shifted towards analyzing the transnational social movement that may amount to a global polity while at the same time attempting to better understand how global polity ideas are implemented through global actors.[5] According to Andreas Wimmer, world society theory is "perhaps the most prominent and well-developed research program in sociology."[6]
Implications
Through a series of empirical studies, Meyer and others observed that new states organize themselves in a significantly similar manner despite their differing needs and background to give strength to their explanation that there is a set norm of forming a new state under the bigger umbrella of world polity.[4]
Other instances suggest a definite presence of world polity:
- A considerable degree of resemblance in national constitutions, which commonly contain the idea of self-determination, state sovereignty and territorial integrity.[5]
- Schooling around the world showing isomorphism.[5]
- Nitza Berkovitch stated that the occurrence of the international women's movement reflected the existence of world polity framework and so allows the world to be viewed as a single global social system.[7]
- An empirical study of INGOs (International nongovernmental organizations) shows the existence of universalism, individualism, rational voluntaristic authority, progress and world citizenship across different INGOS. Sports, human rights, and environmental INGOS especially tend to "reify" world polity.[3] According to John Boli and George M. Thomas, who conducted this study, INGOS could instill world-cultural principles of world polity to nations by lobbying, criticizing, and convincing.[3]
Limitations
Critics point to the fact that world polity theory assumes a rather flawless and smooth transfer of norms of world polity to the global actors, which might not always be really plausible. Also, its tendency to focus on the homogenizing effect brings criticisms.[5] World culture theory differs in this aspect from world polity theory because it recognizes that actors find their own identities in relation to the greater global cultural norm instead of simply following what is suggested by the world polity.[4]
Also, an instance of glocalization cannot fully be explained by world polity theory. It is a phenomenon by which local values and global cultures converge to create something new.[5]
See also
- Environmental movement
- Nation state
- Olympic games
- Sociological institutionalism
- Women's rights
- World citizen
References
- ^ a b John Boli; Selina Gallo-Cruz & Matt Mathias (2010). "World Society, World-Polity Theory, and International Relations". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.495. ISBN 9780190846626.
- ^ a b Connie L McNeely (2012). "World Polity Theory". The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization (Abstract). doi:10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog834. ISBN 9780470670590.
- ^ a b c John Boli & George M Thomas (Apr 1997). "World Culture in the World Polity: A Century of International Non-Governmental Organization" (PDF). American Sociological Review. 62 (2): 172–3, 174, 179–82, 187–8. doi:10.2307/2657298. JSTOR 2657298.
- ^ a b c d e Frank J Lechner; John Boli, eds. (2011). The Globalization Reader (Fourth ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 49. ISBN 978-0470655634.
- ^ a b c d e f g John Boli (2006). "World Polity Theory". In Roland Robertson; Jan Aart Scholte (eds.). Encyclopedia of Globalization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415973144.
- ^ Wimmer, Andreas (2021-05-01). "Domains of Diffusion: How Culture and Institutions Travel around the World and with What Consequences" (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 126 (6): 1389–1438. doi:10.1086/714273. ISSN 0002-9602. S2CID 235372380. Archived from the original on 2021.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(help) - ^ Nitza Berkovitch (1999). John Boli; George M Thomas (eds.). The Emergence and Transformation of the International Women's Movement. Stanford University Press. pp. 109–110, 119–121, 124–126. ISBN 978-0804734226.
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Further reading
- Nitza Berkovitch (1999). From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women's Rights and International Organizations. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801871023.
- John Boli (2001). Stephen D Krasner (ed.). Sovereignty from a World-Polity Perspective. International Relations Series. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 53–82. ISBN 978-0231121798.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|work=ignored (help) - John Boli; George M Thomas, eds. (1999). Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804734226.
- Gili S Drori; John W Meyer; Francisco O Ramirez & Evan Schofer (2003). Science in the Modern World Polity: Institutionalization and Globalization. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804744928.
- Martha Finnemore (1996). "Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism". International Organization. 50 (2 (Spring, 1996)): 325–347. doi:10.1017/s0020818300028587. JSTOR 2704081. S2CID 3645172.
- David J Frank; John W Meyer & David Miyahara (1995). "The Individualist Polity and the Prevalence of Professionalized Psychology: A Cross-National Study". American Sociological Review. 60 (3): 360–377. doi:10.2307/2096419. JSTOR 2096419.
- Ulf Hannerz (1996). Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places (Comedia). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415143097.
- John W Meyer (1994). Richard W Scott; John W Meyer (eds.). Rationalized Environments. SAGE Publications. pp. 28–54. ISBN 978-0803956674.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - John W Meyer; John Boli; George M Thomas & Francisco O Ramirez (1981). "World Society and the Nation-State". American Journal of Sociology. 103 (1 (1997)): 144–181. doi:10.1086/231174. JSTOR 231174. S2CID 145389958.
- Roland Robertson (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage. ISBN 978-0803981874.
- George M Thomas; John W Meyer; Francisco O Ramirez & John Boli (1987). Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society and the Individual. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0803928923.