Death in office
A death in office is the death of a person who was incumbent of an office-position until the time of death. Such deaths have been usually due to natural causes, but they are also caused by accidents, suicides, and assassinations.
The death of most monarchs and popes have been deaths in office, since they have usually held their papacy/reign for the rest of their lives. Otherwise as most office positions require that the incumbent is constantly competent in performing the associated duties, deaths in office are usually premature deaths.
Consequences
Systems differ in how they deal with the death of an office holder. In some death results in a casual vacancy, whereby the office is unfilled for a time. The office may subsequently be filled by a by-election or by appointment. A person may temporarily take the powers and responsibilities of the deceased in an "acting" capacity before a permanent replacement is made. In other systems there may be a legally defined order of succession. For example, in hereditary monarchies reigns are typically expected to end with death and the transition of power to an heir. Many presidential systems have offices of vice president, whose principle responsibility is to immediately assume the presidency if the president dies or otherwise leaves the office.
Examples
Heads of state and government
Indonesian governor(s)
- Rizal Nurdin, governor of North Sumatra, died in a plane crash in 2005
Russian governors
- Aleksandr Lebed, governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai, died in a helicopter crash in 2002
- Valentin Tsvetkov, governor of Magadan Oblast, killed in 2002
- Igor Farkhutdinov, governor of Sakhalin Oblast, died in a helicopter crash in 2003
- Mikhail Yevdokimov, governor of Altai Krai, died in a car accident in 2005
- Igor Yesipovsky, governor of Irkutsk Oblast, died in a helicopter crash in 2009
- Tamerlan Aguzarov, head of North Ossetia-Alania, died of pneumonia in 2016
Northern Rhodesia governor(s)
Sir John Maybin, governor of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) (1941)[1]
United States
U.S. Congress
Upon the death of a United States Senator, the Governor of the senator’s home state typically appoints a successor.
Upon the death of a member of the United States House of Representatives, a special election is held to pick a successor.
The most recent member of the U.S. Congress to die in office was US Representative Alcee Hastings on April 6, 2021, of pancreatic cancer.[citation needed]
Other notable members who died in office include:
- Huey Long, in 1935, of a gunshot wound
- Joseph McCarthy, in 1957, of acute hepatitis
- Daniel Inouye, in 2012, of respiratory compilations
- John McCain, in 2018, of cancer
- John Lewis, in 2020, of pancreatic cancer
Presidents
In addition, 8 U.S. Presidents died in office, four of which were assassinated.
- William Henry Harrison, in 1841 of pneumonia; Harrison died 31 days into his Presidency, making him the President with the shortest tenure. His pneumonia supposedly escalated from a common cold, acquired after Harrison did his inaugural address, the longest in American history, in the rain without a jacket.
- Zachary Taylor, in 1850, of gastroenteritis; Taylor contracted the illness after consuming cherries at a party. Some suspect he was poisoned.
- Abraham Lincoln, in 1865 of gunshot wounds, while watching a play in Ford’s Theater, he was shot by John Wilkes Booth and died the next day.
- James A. Garfield, in 1881, of septic shock caused by an infection acquired during treatment for gunshot wounds, after being shot by Charles Guiteau 79 days earlier.
- William McKinley, in 1901, of gangrene caused by gunshot wounds; he was shot by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz. McKinley’s death famously resulted in Theodore Roosevelt’s rise to the Presidency-Roosevelt’s leadership is considered one of the most impactful in American history, and would overshadow McKinley’s legacy.
- Warren G. Harding, in 1923, of heart failure. The popular Harding’s sudden death shocked the country, however his legacy would be overshadowed by the Teapot Dome Scandal and revelations of his extramarital affair with Nan Britton.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1945 of a cerebral hemorrhage; Roosevelt had been elected to a historic fourth term a year prior, however his health had been in decline. His long tenure is one of the main reasons for the passing of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which both limited the President’s tenure to two terms and put a long-standing tradition in writing.
- John F. Kennedy, in 1963, of gunshot wounds; while in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, he was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald and died later that day.
Curse of Tippecanoe
A well known legend is the Curse of Tippecanoe which alleges Harrison, elected in 1840, was cursed by a Native American chief during the Battle of Tippecanoe, so that he and future Presidents elected in the years ending in “0” would die in office. The curse also affected Lincoln (1860), Garfield (1880), McKinley (1900), Harding (1920), Franklin D. Roosevelt (1940), and Kennedy (1960). Ronald Reagan, (1980), survived an assassination attempt in 1981, and would become one of the most well-known Presidents in history, popular among conservatives. George W. Bush (2000) also did not die in office. Joe Biden (2020), the incumbent President, is next in line of the curse.
The curse did not affect Taylor, as he was elected in 1848.
State and Local levels
Many mayors (eg. George Moscone, Harold Washington, Ed Lee) and state governors (eg. Lawton Chiles, Frank O'Bannon) have died in office. Similar to the President being succeeded by the Vice President, in most states, the Governor is succeeded by the Lieutenant Governor. Unlike the President, however, mayors are usually succeeded by the president of the city’s legislative branch, as acting mayor, upon the mayor’s death.
References
- ^ Martin Sylvester (January 2013). "Governor of Northern Rhodesia 5 May 1938 – 9 April 1941". martinsylvester.com/. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
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