Broadcast law
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Broadcast law is the field of law that pertains to broadcasting. These laws and regulations pertain to radio stations and TV stations, and are also considered to include closely related services like cable TV and cable radio, as well as satellite TV and satellite radio. Likewise, it also extends to broadcast networks.
Broadcast law includes technical parameters for these facilities, as well as content issues like copyright, profanity, and localism or regionalism.
Philippines
Under the Philippine law, broadcasting networks require a congressional franchise[1] to operate television and radio stations.[2]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The Communications Act of 1934 amended the Radio Act of 1927 and the equal time provision is located Section 315 of the Communications Act of 1934.
The Communications Act of 1934 was another hallmark moment in broadcasting law history, because it created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the purpose of "regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, a rapid, efficient, nationwide, and world wide wire and radio communications service ..." (In this context, the word "radio" covers both broadcast radio and television.) The FCC has the authority to "make such regulations not inconsistent with law as it may deem necessary to prevent interference between stations and to carry out the provisions of the Communications Act of 1934."[3]
In 1949, the FCC enacted a policy, referred to as the "Fairness Doctrine," for the purpose of ensuring balanced and fair coverage of all controversial issues by a broadcast station. The FCC adopted the view that station licensees were "public trustees," and, therefore, had an obligation to broadcast discussion of contrasting viewpoints on controversial issues of public importance. It was later established that stations should also actively seek out issues of importance to their community and air programming about those issues. During the 1980s, the Reagan Administration pressured the FCC to eliminate the fairness doctrine.[4]
United Kingdom
In the UK, broadcasting has been regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom) since 2002.
Scheduled radio and television broadcasting services need a licence from Ofcom under the Broadcasting Act 1990 or 1996, and must comply with the Ofcom Broadcasting Code[5] made under section 319 of the Communications Act 2003, together with a number of other codes relating to access, electronic programme guides, advertising, and so on. The BBC is subject to some, but not all, of the requirements of the Broadcasting Code.
On-demand television services are regulated by the Authority for Video on Demand, so long as they fall within the definition of regulated services in section 368A(1) of the Communications Act 2003, and must comply with the programme standards set out in Part 4A of the Communications Act 2003.
See also
References
- ^ Cabato, Regine (5 May 2020). "Philippines orders its largest broadcaster off the air as nation fights virus". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "Congressional Franchises as a Weapon to Defeat a Free Press". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. 17 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ The Federal Communications Commission (2008). The Public and Broadcasting: How to Get the Most Service from Your Local Station (PDF). Washington, D.C.: The Media Bureau.
- ^ Limburg, Val E. (17 April 2012). Fairness Doctrine: U.S. Broadcasting Policy (1st ed.). Chicago.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Broadcasting codes". Ofcom.
Further reading
- For more on the regulation of broadcasting in the UK, see Practical Law Company's Broadcasting regulation: a quick guide.