Double Mersenne number

Double Mersenne primes
No. of known terms	4
Conjectured no. of terms	4
First terms	7, 127, 2147483647
Largest known term	170141183460469231731687303715884105727
OEIS index	A077586; a(n) = 2^(2^prime(n) − 1) − 1;

In mathematics, a double Mersenne number is a Mersenne number of the form

M_{M_{p}}=2^{2^{p}-1}-1

where p is prime.

Examples

The first four terms of the sequence of double Mersenne numbers are^[1] (sequence A077586 in the OEIS):

M_{M_{2}}=M_{3}=7

M_{M_{3}}=M_{7}=127

M_{M_{5}}=M_{31}=2147483647

M_{M_{7}}=M_{127}=170141183460469231731687303715884105727

Double Mersenne primes

A double Mersenne number that is prime is called a double Mersenne prime. Since a Mersenne number M_p can be prime only if p is prime, (see Mersenne prime for a proof), a double Mersenne number $M_{M_{p}}$ can be prime only if M_p is itself a Mersenne prime. For the first values of p for which M_p is prime, $M_{M_{p}}$ is known to be prime for p = 2, 3, 5, 7 while explicit factors of $M_{M_{p}}$ have been found for p = 13, 17, 19, and 31.

$p$	$M_{p}=2^{p}-1$	$M_{M_{p}}=2^{2^{p}-1}-1$	factorization of $M_{M_{p}}$
2	3	prime	7
3	7	prime	127
5	31	prime	2147483647
7	127	prime	170141183460469231731687303715884105727
11	not prime	not prime	47 × 131009 × 178481 × 724639 × 2529391927 × 70676429054711 × 618970019642690137449562111 × ...
13	8191	not prime	338193759479 × 210206826754181103207028761697008013415622289 × ...
17	131071	not prime	231733529 × 64296354767 × ...
19	524287	not prime	62914441 × 5746991873407 × 2106734551102073202633922471 × 824271579602877114508714150039 × 65997004087015989956123720407169 × ...
23	not prime	not prime	2351 × 4513 × 13264529 × 76899609737 × ...
29	not prime	not prime	1399 × 2207 × 135607 × 622577 × 16673027617 × 4126110275598714647074087 × ...
31	2147483647	not prime	295257526626031 × 87054709261955177 × 242557615644693265201 × 178021379228511215367151 × ...
37	not prime	not prime
41	not prime	not prime
43	not prime	not prime
47	not prime	not prime
53	not prime	not prime
59	not prime	not prime
61	2305843009213693951	unknown

Thus, the smallest candidate for the next double Mersenne prime is $M_{M_{61}}$ , or 2^{2305843009213693951} − 1. Being approximately 1.695×10^{694127911065419641}, this number is far too large for any currently known primality test. It has no prime factor below 4 × 10³³.^[2] There are probably no other double Mersenne primes than the four known.^[1]^[3]

Smallest prime factor of $M_{M_{p}}$ (where p is the nth prime) are

7, 127, 2147483647, 170141183460469231731687303715884105727, 47, 338193759479, 231733529, 62914441, 2351, 1399, 295257526626031, 18287, 106937, 863, 4703, 138863, 22590223644617, ... (next term is > 4 × 10³³) (sequence A309130 in the OEIS)

Catalan–Mersenne number conjecture

The recursively defined sequence

c_{0}=2

c_{n+1}=2^{c_{n}}-1=M_{c_{n}}

is called the sequence of Catalan–Mersenne numbers.^[4] The first terms of the sequence (sequence A007013 in the OEIS) are:

c_{0}=2

c_{1}=2^{2}-1=3

c_{2}=2^{3}-1=7

c_{3}=2^{7}-1=127

c_{4}=2^{127}-1=170141183460469231731687303715884105727

c_{5}=2^{170141183460469231731687303715884105727}-1\approx 5.454\times 10^{51217599719369681875006054625051616349}\approx 10^{10^{37.7094}}

Catalan discovered this sequence after the discovery of the primality of $M_{127}=c_{4}$ by Lucas in 1876.^[1]^[5] Catalan conjectured that they are prime "up to a certain limit". Although the first five terms are prime, no known methods can prove that any further terms are prime (in any reasonable time) simply because they are too huge. However, if $c_{5}$ is not prime, there is a chance to discover this by computing $c_{5}$ modulo some small prime $p$ (using recursive modular exponentiation). If the resulting residue is zero, $p$ represents a factor of $c_{5}$ and thus would disprove its primality. Since $c_{5}$ is a Mersenne number, such a prime factor $p$ would have to be of the form $2kc_{4}+1$ . Additionally, because $2^{n}-1$ is composite when $n$ is composite, the discovery of a composite term in the sequence would preclude the possibility of any further primes in the sequence.

In popular culture

In the Futurama movie The Beast with a Billion Backs, the double Mersenne number $M_{M_{7}}$ is briefly seen in "an elementary proof of the Goldbach conjecture". In the movie, this number is known as a "martian prime".

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Chris Caldwell, Mersenne Primes: History, Theorems and Lists at the Prime Pages.
^ Tony Forbes, A search for a factor of MM61. Progress: 9 October 2008. This reports a high-water mark of 204204000000×(10019 + 1)×(2⁶¹ − 1), above 4×10³³. Retrieved on 2008-10-22.
^ I. J. Good. Conjectures concerning the Mersenne numbers. Mathematics of Computation vol. 9 (1955) p. 120-121 [retrieved 2012-10-19]
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Catalan-Mersenne Number". MathWorld.
^ "Questions proposées". Nouvelle correspondance mathématique. 2: 94–96. 1876. (probably collected by the editor). Almost all of the questions are signed by Édouard Lucas as is number 92:
Prouver que 2⁶¹ − 1 et 2¹²⁷ − 1 sont des nombres premiers. (É. L.) (*).
The footnote (indicated by the star) written by the editor Eugène Catalan, is as follows:
(*) Si l'on admet ces deux propositions, et si l'on observe que 2² − 1, 2³ − 1, 2⁷ − 1 sont aussi des nombres premiers, on a ce théorème empirique: Jusqu'à une certaine limite, si 2ⁿ − 1 est un nombre premier p, 2^p − 1 est un nombre premier p', 2^p' − 1 est un nombre premier p", etc. Cette proposition a quelque analogie avec le théorème suivant, énoncé par Fermat, et dont Euler a montré l'inexactitude: Si n est une puissance de 2, 2ⁿ + 1 est un nombre premier. (E. C.)

External links

[Caldwell-1] Chris Caldwell, Mersenne Primes: History, Theorems and Lists at the Prime Pages.

[2] Tony Forbes, A search for a factor of MM61. Progress: 9 October 2008. This reports a high-water mark of 204204000000×(10019 + 1)×(2⁶¹ − 1), above 4×10³³. Retrieved on 2008-10-22.

[3] I. J. Good. Conjectures concerning the Mersenne numbers. Mathematics of Computation vol. 9 (1955) p. 120-121 [retrieved 2012-10-19]

[4] Weisstein, Eric W. "Catalan-Mersenne Number". MathWorld.

[5] "Questions proposées". Nouvelle correspondance mathématique. 2: 94–96. 1876. (probably collected by the editor). Almost all of the questions are signed by Édouard Lucas as is number 92:
Prouver que 2⁶¹ − 1 et 2¹²⁷ − 1 sont des nombres premiers. (É. L.) (*).
The footnote (indicated by the star) written by the editor Eugène Catalan, is as follows:
(*) Si l'on admet ces deux propositions, et si l'on observe que 2² − 1, 2³ − 1, 2⁷ − 1 sont aussi des nombres premiers, on a ce théorème empirique: Jusqu'à une certaine limite, si 2ⁿ − 1 est un nombre premier p, 2^p − 1 est un nombre premier p', 2^p' − 1 est un nombre premier p", etc. Cette proposition a quelque analogie avec le théorème suivant, énoncé par Fermat, et dont Euler a montré l'inexactitude: Si n est une puissance de 2, 2ⁿ + 1 est un nombre premier. (E. C.)

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